• Narcissists believe they are better and more deserving than others
• They, therefore, attribute success to their own efforts, while blaming their failures on outside forces
• Narcissists’ unwillingness to modify their behaviour can be damaging to an organisation

Narcissists don’t learn from their mistakes because they don’t acknowledge them, a new study shows.

When faced with a poor outcome due to their decisions, most people ask, “What should I have done differently to avoid this outcome?” But a narcissist says, “No one could have seen this coming,” according to Oregon State University (OSU)-Cascades researchers.

Narcissists also believe they are better and more deserving than others, study author Satoris Howes, a researcher at the OSU College of Business, said in a university news release.

In the study, the investigators conducted a series of experiments with different groups of people, including students, employees and managers with significant experience in hiring.

No self-analysis

The study authors said that when narcissists predicted an outcome correctly, they felt it was more foreseeable than non-narcissists did, but when they predicted incorrectly, narcissists felt the outcome was less foreseeable versus non-narcissists.

In both situations, narcissists didn’t feel the need to do something differently or to engage in self-analysis that might benefit them in future decisions, according to the report.

“They’re falling prey to the hindsight bias, and they’re not learning from it when they make mistakes. And when they get things right, they’re still not learning,” Howes explained.

The study was published online recently in the Journal of Management.

Great self-confidence

Everyone tends to engage in some level of self-protective thinking, where you attribute success to your own efforts but blame your failures on outside forces, and often blame other people’s failure on their own deficiencies, according to Howes.

“But narcissists do this way more because they think they’re better than others,” she said. “They don’t take advice from other people; they don’t trust others’ opinions. … You can flat-out ask, ‘What should you have done differently?’ And it might be, ‘Nothing, it turned out; it was good.'”

Narcissists are often promoted because they show great self-confidence, take credit for the successes of others and deflect blame from themselves when something goes wrong, Howes said.

However, this can be damaging to an organisation over time because of low morale among employees who work for the narcissist and because of the narcissist’s continuing bad decisions, she noted.

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• Early menstruation is associated with health problems later in life
• Menstruation starting at 11 years of age was found to increase women’s chances of hot flashes and night sweats during menopause
• Being obese increased the likelihood of these symptoms

Women whose periods started at an early age are more likely to have hot flashes and night sweats during menopause, researchers say.

“The risk of the women who menstruated early experiencing both symptoms was greater than having either [hot flashes] or night sweats alone,” study author Hsin-Fang Chung said in a news release from the University of Queensland in Australia. Chung is with its School of Public Health.

For the study, the researchers analysed data from more than 18 000 middle-aged women across the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia.

Compared to those who had their first period when they were 14 or older, those who started menstruating when they were 11 or younger were 50% more likely to have frequent hot flashes and night sweats at menopause, the researchers found.

Obesity a significant factor

Early menstruation previously has been linked to certain health problems later in life, including type 2 diabetes and heart disease, Chung noted.

The study was conducted as part of an international collaboration known as the Life Course Approach to Reproductive Health and Chronic Disease Events (InterLACE).

Obesity appeared to be a significant factor in the study findings, according to Gita Mishra, InterLACE project leader.

“Women who experienced early menstruation and were overweight or obese in midlife had a two times greater risk of frequent [hot flashes] and night sweats, compared with women who experienced their first period aged 14 years or older, and had normal weight,” she said.

“These findings encourage women with early menstruation to engage in health promotion programmes, especially weight management in adulthood,” Mishra concluded.

The study was published in BJOG: an International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology.

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