The international team included scientists from the University of Geneva (UNIGE), the Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources (CNR-IGG), and the National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV). Their findings, published in Communications Earth & Environment, could also help researchers locate geothermal reservoirs, lithium deposits, and rare earth elements connected to deep magmatic activity.

A Vast Magma System With No Obvious Warning Signs

Some of the world’s best-known volcanic regions, including Yellowstone National Park in the United States, Lake Toba in Indonesia, and Lake Taupo in New Zealand, sit above magma reservoirs containing thousands of cubic kilometers of molten material.

Scientists usually identify these systems through visible or measurable evidence at the surface. Such clues can include ancient eruption deposits, volcanic craters, rising or sinking ground, and escaping gases. When those signs are absent, however, even enormous quantities of magma can remain undetected within Earth’s crust.

That appears to have happened in Tuscany. Researchers from UNIGE, working with specialists from the Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources (IGG-CNR) and the National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV), mapped approximately 6,000 km³ of volcanic fluids within the continental crust.

The newly identified material extends across Tuscany at depths ranging from 8 to 15 km.

No Current Volcanic Threat

Over geological timescales, a magma body of this size could theoretically play a role in the development of a supervolcano. Researchers emphasize, however, that the system does not currently represent a threat.

“We knew that this region, which extends from north to south across Tuscany, is geothermally active, but we did not realize it contained such a large volume of magma, comparable to that of supervolcanic systems such as Yellowstone,” explains Matteo Lupi, associate professor in the Department of Earth Sciences at UNIGE’s Faculty of Science, who led the study.

Using Earth’s Background Noise as an Underground X-ray

The team located the magma through ambient noise tomography, a technique commonly used by seismologists to examine structures hidden below the surface. The method functions like an “X-ray” of Earth’s crust by analyzing subtle vibrations continuously produced by ocean waves, wind, and human activity.

As these vibrations move through the ground, seismic instruments at the surface record how quickly the waves travel. The researchers deployed around 60 high-resolution sensors for the study.

Seismic waves generally slow down when they pass through unusually hot or partially molten material. By identifying areas where the waves moved at lower velocities, the researchers were able to pinpoint the likely location of magma.

They then combined the measurements to create a three-dimensional reconstruction of the underground structures across the study area.

New Tool for Geothermal Energy and Critical Minerals

The discovery has implications beyond understanding Tuscany’s geology. Because ambient noise tomography can survey large underground regions relatively quickly and inexpensively, it may provide a useful way to search for geothermal energy and mineral resources.

Deep magmatic systems are often associated with deposits of lithium and rare earth elements. These materials are increasingly important for technologies such as electric vehicle batteries and other components needed for the energy transition.

“These results are important both for fundamental research and for practical applications, such as locating geothermal reservoirs or deposits rich in lithium and rare earth elements, which are used, for example, in electric vehicle batteries. In addition to their great scientific interest, these studies show that tomography, by exploring the subsoil quickly and at low cost, can be a useful tool for the energy transition,” concludes Matteo Lupi.

Spanish officials reported that the fire in Ávila burned about 50,000 hectares (124,000 acres), making it the largest wildfire ever recorded in the country. It surpassed the 2025 fire that affected Larouco, Quiroga, and Oencia.

NASA satellites first detected signs of the Ávila blaze near Burgohondo on July 22 and July 23. By July 24, the fire had joined with blazes burning in nearby provinces. Together, they had scorched 77,000 hectares, an area roughly equal in size to New York City.

A Landsat 9 image taken on July 29, 2026, shows the extensive damage around Burgohondo. In the false-color view, healthy vegetation appears light green, while burned terrain appears brown. The two reservoirs near the center of the image were among the areas hit hardest.

According to news reports, flames destroyed homes, restaurants, campgrounds, marinas, and other facilities around the reservoirs.

Major Fires Sweep Southwestern France

A similarly severe emergency developed west of Bordeaux in southwestern France. One of the country’s largest fires of the decade burned more than 42,000 hectares, forced widespread evacuations, and devastated the village of Le Porge.

By late July, wildfires had burned more than 90,000 hectares across France. Data from the European Forest Fire Information System showed that this was the greatest area lost to fire in the country in decades.

Weather Created a Dangerous Fire Setup

Conditions that developed months before the fires began left parts of Spain and France especially vulnerable, according to an analysis by researchers with The State of Wildfires Project.

An unusually wet winter encouraged dense plant growth across grasslands, shrublands, and forest understories. Later, repeated heat waves and a period of drought dried out that vegetation, turning it into abundant fuel.

Researchers found that several days of strong winds completed the dangerous sequence. At times, wind speeds reached 65 kilometers (40 miles) per hour, helping the flames spread rapidly across the landscape.

France Reports a Rare Fire Cloud

On July 25, the fires in southwestern France became intense enough for firefighters to report the formation of a pyrocumulonimbus — a towering type of “fire cloud” that draws convective energy from the heat of the fires.

An international team of atmospheric scientists and wildfire specialists monitors these unusual clouds. The group has recorded occasional pyrocumulonimbus events in Spain and Portugal during recent decades, but its members said this marked the first reported case of a wildfire producing one in France.

Firefighters Battle the Blazes

Thousands of firefighters and military personnel were deployed across both countries. Aircraft dropped water and flame retardant from above, while ground crews built firebreaks with equipment ranging from bulldozers to hand tools.

By late July, firefighters had gained enough control for authorities to begin lifting some evacuation orders. Even so, forecasters warned that the danger remained high because hot and dry conditions were expected to continue.

Satellites Track Wildfires in Real Time

Government satellite observations contribute to a global monitoring system used to follow fire activity and study long-term wildfire trends.

NASA provides several tools for tracking active fires, including FIRMS (Fire Information for Resource Management System) and the Worldview browser.

August Skywatching Highlights

Aug. 5: Last Quarter Moon

Aug. 12: A total solar eclipse crosses northern Russia, Greenland, Iceland, northern Spain, and part of Portugal. A partial eclipse will be visible from parts of the United States. The New Moon also occurs on this date.

Aug. 12 and 13: The Perseid meteor shower reaches its peak under exceptionally dark skies.

Aug. 14 through 16: Venus reaches its greatest eastern elongation and glows low in the western sky after sunset.

Aug. 27 and 28: A partial lunar eclipse will be visible across much of North and South America, along with parts of Europe and Africa.

[See Video Link After Article.]

A Solar Eclipse Crosses the Northern Hemisphere

A solar eclipse, one of the year’s most popular meteor showers, a dazzling evening appearance by Venus, and a lunar eclipse will fill August with memorable celestial events.

That’s “What’s Up” for August.

On Aug. 12, the path of a total solar eclipse will sweep across northern Russia, Greenland, Iceland, and northern Spain. A small section of Portugal will also fall within the path of totality.

Observers in parts of the United States, stretching from Alaska to North Carolina, will see a partial eclipse instead. From these locations, the Moon will cover only a small portion of the Sun, with the amount of coverage depending on where the observer is located.

How to Watch the Solar Eclipse Safely

Proper eye protection is essential whenever any part of the Sun remains visible. Viewers should use certified eclipse glasses or another approved solar viewing device. Ordinary sunglasses do not provide enough protection.

Never look at the Sun through binoculars, a telescope, or a camera unless a solar filter designed for the front of the instrument is securely attached.

Dark Skies for the Perseid Meteor Shower

Later on Aug. 12, the Perseid meteor shower will begin its peak, continuing into the early morning of Aug. 13. Because the New Moon also arrives on Aug. 12, moonlight will not interfere, creating ideal dark conditions for spotting meteors.

The Perseids return each year as Earth travels through a trail of debris released by Comet Swift-Tuttle. Tiny particles of comet material enter the atmosphere at tremendous speed, heat up, and produce bright streaks across the sky.

Once darkness falls, look toward the northeast and wait for the constellation Perseus to rise above the horizon. The meteors appear to come from this part of the sky, but they can streak across almost any direction, so viewers should scan a wide area overhead.

For the clearest view, choose a dark location with an open horizon, remain outside as the night progresses, and allow about 30 minutes for your eyes to adjust to the darkness.

Venus Shines Brightly After Sunset

From Aug. 14 through 16, Venus reaches its greatest eastern elongation. This marks the planet’s widest visible separation from the Sun during its current appearance in the evening sky.

Shortly after sunset, Venus will be easy to find low in the west. It will appear brighter than every nearby star. Through a telescope, the planet will look almost half illuminated, resembling a miniature lunar phase.

A Deep Partial Lunar Eclipse

On the night of Aug. 27, extending into Aug. 28 in some time zones, the Full Moon will pass through Earth’s shadow and create a partial lunar eclipse. The event will be visible from much of North and South America, as well as portions of Europe and Africa.

At the eclipse’s maximum point, about 93% of the Moon’s diameter will lie within Earth’s dark central shadow, known as the umbra. The Moon will not become completely covered, but most of its surface may appear dramatically dimmed. The shadowed portion could also develop a rusty or copper colored tint.

Unlike a solar eclipse, a lunar eclipse can be viewed safely without eye protection. Binoculars or a small telescope can provide a closer look as the curved edge of Earth’s shadow moves across the lunar surface.

Here are the phases of the Moon for August.

The research team was led by Henry Daniell of the School of Dental Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania. The findings were published in Scientific Reports and could support the development of more accessible and affordable treatments.

A Need for Better Head and Neck Cancer Therapies

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a common form of cancer that begins in the tissues lining the mouth and throat. The disease can be particularly aggressive, and outcomes are often poor when it is discovered at a later stage.

Daniell says that many recently approved cancer medications have not produced major improvements in patients’ quality of life or five-year survival. That limited progress highlights the need for new approaches that can work alongside existing treatments.

Targeting HPV and Harmful Oral Bacteria

The new study builds on earlier research involving chewing gum made from lablab beans (bean gum). The gum contains FRIL, a naturally occurring antiviral protein.

Daniell and his colleagues used oral samples from patients with HNSCC to study three microbes associated with cancer. These included human papillomavirus, or HPV, along with two bacterial species, Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) and Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn).

“The global increase in oropharyngeal cancer is linked to HPV infection,” says Daniell. “And Pg and Fn infections worsen survival rates of untreated recurrent or metastatic oral cancer, even after surgery and risk-adjusted adjuvant, or supplemental, therapies.”

Gum Extracts Sharply Reduce Microbe Levels

Tests showed that extracts from the bean gum lowered HPV levels by 93% in saliva samples. HPV levels also fell by 80% in oral rinse samples.

The researchers then engineered the bean gum to contain protegrin, an antimicrobial peptide capable of killing harmful bacteria. A single dose brought levels of Pg and Fn down to almost zero.

Importantly, the treatment did not appear to harm the beneficial bacteria that normally live in the mouth. Radiation therapy can have a different effect, reducing helpful bacteria while encouraging the growth of disease-causing yeast (Candida albicans).

A Potential Addition to Cancer Treatment

The ability to target dangerous microbes while preserving the healthy oral microbiome could make the gum useful in several ways. Researchers believe it may eventually serve as an additional therapy alongside current cancer treatments or as a preventive measure against infection and transmission.

“Lip and oral cavity cancer was the seventh leading cancer type in cancer incidence and mortality rate worldwide in adolescents, young adults, and middle-aged adults in 2022,” says Daniell. “Our findings support the value of advancing these therapies to clinical trials as adjuvants with current treatments or as prophylaxis to prevent infection and transmission.”

Henry Daniell is the W.D. Miller Professor in the Department of Basic & Translational Sciences at the School of Dental Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania.

Other authors include Geetanjali Wakade, Rahul Singh, and Smruti Nair of Penn Dental Medicine; Andrés M. Bur and Sufi M. Thomas of the University of Kansas Medical Center; Eri S. Srivatsan and Marilene B. Wang of the University of California at Los Angeles; and Saroj K. Basak of the Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System.

The research received support from NIH (grant 5-R01-HL 107904-13 awarded to Henry Daniell), the Academic Senate Grant of the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (the Surgical Education Research program), and the National Cancer Institute Cancer Center (Support Grant P30 CA168524).