The international research team, led by Andrii Chumak of the University of Vienna, also uncovered an important insight. They found that the lifespan of magnons is not ultimately limited by the laws of physics, but by the quality of the material they travel through. Their findings were published in Science Advances.

What Are Magnons?

Magnons are tiny waves of magnetization that move through magnetic solids. They can be compared to ripples spreading across a pond after a stone is dropped into the water. Unlike photons, which travel through empty space or optical fibers, magnons remain inside magnetic materials.

Because their wavelengths can shrink to just a few nanometers, magnon-based circuits could potentially fit onto chips no larger than those already found in smartphones. Magnons also interact naturally with other fundamental quasiparticles, including phonons and photons, making them attractive building blocks for hybrid quantum systems and quantum metrology.

Solving the Magnon Lifetime Problem

For years, one of the biggest challenges facing magnon technology has been their extremely short lifetime. Since they could survive for only a few hundred nanoseconds, they disappeared far too quickly to reliably store or transfer quantum information.

The new study changes that picture. By increasing magnon lifetimes to as much as 18 microseconds, the researchers turned these once fleeting signals into long-lasting carriers of quantum information. Their performance now approaches the timescales needed for practical quantum technologies and makes magnons comparable to the superconducting qubits used in today’s leading quantum processors.

How the Researchers Achieved the Breakthrough

The breakthrough resulted from combining two important techniques.

First, instead of using conventional uniform magnons, the team generated short-wavelength magnons. These are naturally less sensitive to tiny defects on the crystal’s surface, which had shortened magnon lifetimes in previous experiments.

Second, the researchers cooled ultra-pure spheres of yttrium iron garnet (YIG) to just 30 millikelvin inside a mixed-phase cryostat. At temperatures only a fraction of a degree above absolute zero, the thermal processes that normally destroy magnons are effectively frozen out.

Materials, Not Physics, Set the Limit

Perhaps the most surprising discovery was identifying what now limits magnon lifetimes.

By testing three YIG spheres with different levels of purity, the researchers found a clear pattern. The purer the crystal, the longer the magnons survived. Even the least pure sample outperformed every previous experiment.

The results suggest that future improvements depend primarily on advances in materials science rather than overcoming an unavoidable law of nature. As researchers develop even purer magnetic materials, magnon lifetimes may continue to improve.

Why This Matters for Quantum Computing

With lifetimes reaching 18 microseconds, magnons become much more than temporary signals. They could serve as reliable quantum memory devices and low-loss communication channels that move quantum information across a chip.

The researchers say magnons could eventually connect hundreds of qubits through a shared pathway, creating a long-sought “quantum bus” that would help scale future quantum computers. Because magnons naturally interact with many different quantum systems, they could also act as universal translators, allowing technologies that normally cannot communicate with one another to work together.

The study is based on experiments carried out by Rostyslav Serha during his doctoral research. The project was led by the University of Vienna in collaboration with the University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, and research institutions in Germany, the United States, and Ukraine. Coauthor Kaitlin McAllister participated through the Vienna Doctoral School in Physics, which provides internships for outstanding master’s students from around the world.

Those tiny spaces exist throughout nature and technology, including nanoscale pores, membranes, and biological channels. A new study has now found that the answer is more nuanced than researchers once believed, helping resolve years of conflicting results.

Why Water Splitting Matters

One of water’s defining chemical properties is its ability to split into two charged particles: H₃O⁺ (the hydronium ion) and OH^– (the hydroxide ion). This process determines pH, which measures how acidic or alkaline (basic) a solution is, and plays a central role in acid-base chemistry. It influences everything from the enzymes that keep your cells functioning to the reactions that occur inside batteries.

Scientists wanted to determine whether confining water to spaces just billionths of a meter across changes how readily this splitting occurs.

Their findings, published in Science Advances, suggest that the apparent chemical reactivity of nanoconfined water depends strongly on factors such as density, pore size, wall flexibility, and surface chemistry.

“When we compared systems under equivalent thermodynamic conditions — specifically at the same chemical potential (the quantity that determines whether a reaction proceeds), the effect of confinement largely disappeared. In other words, the confinement alone does not intrinsically change water’s reactivity. This explains why experiments over the past decade have produced contradictory results,” said Xavier R. Advincula, the study’s lead author.

“The contradictions in the literature were largely because scientists were comparing systems at different effective pressures or densities without realizing it.”

Machine Learning Reveals the Missing Piece

To explore the problem, the researchers relied on machine learning simulations that reproduce quantum mechanical accuracy while allowing them to study a much broader range of conditions than traditional computational methods.

The team examined water trapped between sheets of graphene and hexagonal boron nitride (hBN). Although both materials are only one atom thick and share a similar structure, their surface chemistry is very different.

The simulations also revealed that water droplets confined between these materials experience extremely high internal pressures. Water trapped between graphene or hBN sheets can reach pressures of several gigapascals, similar to those found deep inside Earth, even though no external force is applied.

Instead, the pressure develops naturally because of van der Waals attraction between the atomically thin layers. While the force between individual atoms is weak, it becomes remarkably strong across the large surface area of two dimensional materials, pulling the sheets together and compressing the water trapped between them.

Pressure, Not Confinement, Drives Water Reactivity

The researchers found that these intense pressures greatly increase the splitting of water molecules.

However, when they compared confined water with ordinary bulk water exposed to the same pressure, both behaved in essentially the same way. This showed that the increased reactivity comes primarily from pressure itself rather than confinement alone.

“What surprised us most was how much of the apparent confinement effect could be explained by thermodynamics. Once pressure and chemical potential are properly accounted for, a great deal of the complexity simply falls into place,” said Prof Angelos Michaelides, of the Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry at the University of Cambridge.

Surface Chemistry Still Plays an Important Role

Although simply squeezing water into tiny spaces does not inherently make it more reactive, the surrounding material can still influence its chemistry.

In water droplets confined by hBN, hydroxide ions (OH^– ) that formed around the edges bonded chemically with the surrounding material. This stabilized the ions, lowered the energy required for water to split, and increased the amount of dissociation.

The same effect was not observed with graphene because its chemically inert surface does not participate in the reaction.

The results show that the material surrounding confined water can actively shape its chemical behavior.

“This research provides a new framework for understanding water chemistry at the nanoscale and helps reconcile a decade of apparently conflicting studies,” said Dr. Christoph Schran, of the Theory of Condensed Matter Group at the Cavendish Laboratory.

“More importantly, the work offers a practical design principle for engineering nanoscale chemical environments. Rather than focusing solely on the size of pores or channels, we can tailor water reactivity by choosing a confining material whose surfaces interact with the products of water dissociation and by controlling the pressures generated within confined spaces.”

Potential Applications in Energy Technology

The findings could have important implications for technologies that depend on confined water, including hydrogen fuel cells, batteries, ion selective membranes, and catalytic systems.

Next, the researchers plan to study more realistic environments that include defects and edges commonly found in practical materials. They also hope to compare their predictions with laboratory measurements using advanced spectroscopic and nanofluidic techniques.

At the same time, the team is screening large families of two dimensional materials and surface chemistries to identify combinations that can either enhance or suppress water reactivity for specific technological applications.

“Modern communication is largely based on light, including electromagnetic waves and electrical currents. In a medium such as oceans, sound can travel, whereas light and electrical currents cannot,” said Michael Hilke, Associate Professor of Physics and study co-author. “In the human body, sound waves can also be a useful tool.”

The device was designed and tested by researchers at McGill University and the National Research Council of Canada, while the material used in the device was synthesized at Princeton University.

How Fast Electrons Produce Quantum Sound

The team created the device using a two-dimensional crystal that confines electrons to a channel only a few atoms wide. When an electrical current pushes the electrons through this ultra-thin pathway at high speeds, the electrons release their excess energy as bursts of sound-like vibrations known as phonons.

The researchers found that these phonons can be generated in predictable, controllable patterns, an important step toward practical devices that rely on precisely manipulating sound at the quantum level.

Cooling Unlocks Unusual Quantum Behavior

The experiments were carried out at temperatures ranging from about 10 milli-Kelvin to 3.9 Kelvin. At these extremely low temperatures, electrons behave in a much more orderly way, making it easier to observe quantum phenomena, where matter acts like waves rather than ordinary particles.

“At absolute zero temperatures – that is, the world of quantum physics – no sound is created unless electrons travel collectively at the speed of sound or above,” Hilke explained. “Earlier work had observed related effects as electron speeds approached the sound barrier. Our study goes further by pushing the system well beyond that point and showing that existing theories need to be reassessed by considering that electrons can be very hot even if the host crystal is close to absolute zero temperature.”

Toward Faster Communications and Medical Technologies

The next phase of the research will investigate building the device from other materials, including graphene, which could allow it to operate at even higher speeds.

According to Hilke, future versions of the technology could contribute to faster communication systems, more sensitive detection tools, improved methods for studying biological materials, and advanced medical technologies.

“Phonons are hard to generate and harness in a controlled way, so we are exploring new regimes. At a broad level, this is about how electrical current and energy moves and is converted inside advanced electronic materials,” he said.

Study Details

The findings were published in Physical Review Letters in a paper titled “Resonant magnetophonon emission by supersonic electrons in ultrahigh-mobility two-dimensional systems,” by Michael Hilke et al.

The research was funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada and the Fonds de recherche du Québec — Nature et technologie.

Humans are not the only primates that laugh. Chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, and orangutans all produce laughter, but scientists have long wondered how those vocalizations changed over millions of years and whether they could reveal anything about the origins of human language.

To investigate, researchers analyzed laughter recordings from four orangutans, two gorillas, three bonobos, four chimpanzees, and four humans. Their study, published in Communications Biology, examined 140 separate laughter sequences.

Despite the differences between species, the team found a striking similarity. Every species produced laughter with evenly spaced rhythmic intervals between successive sounds.

The researchers believe this shared rhythmic pattern originated in a common ancestor that lived around 15 million years ago. They propose that the basic structure has remained remarkably stable throughout the evolution of all living great apes.

Dr. Chiara De Gregorio, Honorary Research Associate, Department of Psychology, University of Warwick said: “How did humans evolve the remarkable ability to speak? Speech leaves no fossils, and complex language exists only in our own species. But we’ve found a 15-million-year-old clue in an unexpected place: our laughter. Unlike speech, laughter is shared by all living great apes. By comparing how different species laugh, we can see that a basic rhythmic structure has remained unchanged since our last common ancestor. That’s extraordinary.”

Human Laughter Became More Flexible

Although the underlying rhythm appears to have stayed the same, human laughter has become faster, more varied, and far more adaptable than that of other great apes.

People can consciously adjust when and how they laugh depending on the situation. A spontaneous laugh triggered by tickling differs from a polite laugh during a meeting, a nervous laugh after making a mistake, or contagious laughter shared among friends. While each serves a different social purpose, they all retain the same basic rhythmic foundation.

According to the researchers, this growing ability to control vocal timing likely developed gradually over the course of great ape evolution. That increasing level of vocal control, including over laughter, may have provided one of the essential building blocks that eventually made human speech possible.

A Window Into the Evolution of Speech

Because spoken language leaves no direct fossil evidence, scientists have few ways to trace its earliest origins. Laughter, however, is evolutionarily much older than speech and remains common to every living great ape, making it a rare opportunity to study how vocal communication evolved.

Dr. Adriano Lameria, Associate Professor, ApeTank, Department of Psychology, University of Warwick said: “It is impossible to assess the precursor forms of language directly from our extinct ancestors. Laughter, being evolutionarily older and having remained shared between all living great apes, provides a rare evolutionary window into the vocal transformations that unfolded across hominid evolution until the first humans appeared on scene. Contrary to the classic notion that the first humans suddenly acquired vocal control capacities remarkably different from their predecessors, laughter evolution tells us that humans lay on a continuum, a prolongation of vocal control capacities that were already being cumulatively honed in for 15 million years.”

The research, led by Haruka Nagaya of Hirosaki University in Japan, was published on June 10, 2026, in the open access journal PLOS One.

Vitamin C and Brain Structure

Earlier studies have suggested that people who consume more vitamin C are less likely to experience cognitive impairment as they get older. However, relatively little research has examined whether vitamin C levels measured directly in the blood are associated with physical changes in the brain.

To investigate that question, the researchers analyzed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans and blood plasma samples from 2,044 Japanese adults over the age of 64.

Using the MRI scans, they measured the volume of gray matter and white matter in each participant’s brain while accounting for differences in overall brain size. They also examined connectivity within the default mode network, a group of interconnected brain regions that plays an important role in attention, autobiographical memory, and other cognitive functions.

Lower Vitamin C Linked to Smaller Gray Matter

After adjusting for factors that can also influence brain health, including age, education level, and physical activity, the researchers found a consistent pattern. Participants with lower plasma vitamin C levels tended to have reduced gray matter volume and weaker connectivity within the default mode network.

The results suggest that maintaining healthy vitamin C levels could potentially help support cognitive function and healthy brain aging. However, the researchers emphasize that this was an observational study, meaning it cannot determine whether vitamin C directly causes these differences in brain structure or function. More research will be needed to uncover the biological mechanisms behind these statistical associations.

Future studies could strengthen the evidence by measuring vitamin C levels repeatedly over time, considering additional lifestyle and dietary factors, and including participants from a wider range of ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds.

Everyday Diet and Brain Health

Tomohiro Shintaku adds: “Our study demonstrates that higher plasma vitamin C levels are associated with better preserved structural connectivity of the default mode network (DMN), a key brain network involved in cognitive function. This finding generates the exciting hypothesis that a diet rich in vitamin C might play a supportive role in maintaining brain health and mitigating age-related cognitive decline in older adults.”

He continued: “What I found most fascinating about this research is that we were able to detect these subtle but significant associations between a single nutritional factor and large-scale brain networks by utilizing a robust, community-based cohort of over 2,000 older adults. It truly highlights the potential impact of our everyday dietary habits on our brain structures.”

Funding: The KAGOME CO., LTD. provided support in the form of salaries for authors D.K. and Y.U., but did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The specific roles of these authors are articulated in the ‘author contributions’ section. Additionally, this research was supported by the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED) under Grant Numbers JP16dk0207025 and JP21dk0207053.

Writing this week in Science, Jonathan Alder, Ph.D., and colleagues describe a combination of genetic changes that allows melanoma cells to dramatically extend their lifespan while fueling rapid tumor growth. The discovery could reshape how researchers understand melanoma and may point to new treatment strategies.

“We did something that was, in essence, obvious based on previous basic research and connected back to something that is happening in patients,” said Alder, assistant professor in the Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine at Pitt’s School of Medicine.

Telomeres Help Control a Cell’s Lifespan

Telomeres are protective caps located at the ends of chromosomes that help keep DNA from breaking down. Every time a healthy cell divides, its telomeres become a little shorter. Eventually, they shrink to the point where the cell can no longer divide.

Keeping telomeres at the proper length is critical for health. Telomeres that become too short can cause disorders linked to premature aging and early death. On the other hand, unusually long telomeres are often associated with cancer.

Scientists have long known that melanoma tumors contain exceptionally long telomeres, especially compared with many other types of cancer.

“There’s some special link between melanoma and telomere maintenance,” said Alder. “For a melanocyte to transform into cancer, one of the biggest hurdles is to immortalize itself. Once it can do that, it’s well on its way to cancer.”

The Missing Genetic Link Behind Melanoma

The enzyme telomerase lengthens telomeres, helping protect chromosomes and preventing cells from dying. In most healthy cells, telomerase remains inactive. Many cancers, however, activate the enzyme through mutations in the telomerase gene known as TERT, allowing cancer cells to keep dividing.

Melanoma is particularly dependent on this strategy. Roughly 75% of melanoma tumors carry TERT mutations that increase telomerase production and activity.

Yet there was a mystery. Even after researchers introduced TERT mutations into melanocytes, they still could not recreate the unusually long telomeres found in melanoma tumors. That suggested another important factor was missing.

Pattra Chun-on, M.D., an internist pursuing her Ph.D. in Alder’s lab, set out to uncover that missing link. Drawing on her background in cancer biology and growing interest in telomeres, she investigated why TERT mutations alone were not enough.

“The fun part of this story is when Pattra joined my lab,” Alder said. “She contacted me and told me that she was interested in studying cancer. I told her that I study short telomeres and not long telomeres. This went on until I realized that Pattra would never take ‘no’ for an answer.”

TPP1 Completes the Puzzle

Earlier work from Alder’s laboratory had identified frequent mutations in a telomere binding protein called TPP1 while analyzing cancer mutation databases.

Chun-on discovered that these TPP1 mutations closely resembled the TERT mutations. They occurred in the newly annotated promoter region of TPP1 and boosted production of the protein. That finding immediately caught Alder’s attention because scientists had already shown that TPP1 enhances telomerase activity.

“Biochemists more than a decade before us showed that TPP1 increases the activity of telomerase in a test tube, but we never knew that this actually happened clinically,” he said.

Chun-on, who is also enrolled in a Ph.D. program in the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health at Pitt’s School of Public Health, then introduced the mutated forms of both TERT and TPP1 into cells. Working together, the two proteins produced the exceptionally long telomeres that characterize melanoma tumors.

The results revealed that TPP1 was the long sought missing factor, one that had been hidden in plain sight.

New Target for Future Melanoma Treatments

The findings offer a new explanation for how melanoma develops and survives. They also identify a cancer specific telomere maintenance system that could become a promising target for future therapies.

Additional authors of the study are Angela M. Hinchie, Agustin A. Gil Silva, Ph.D., Elizabeth Rush, Cindy Sander, Brittani K.N. Seynnaeve, M.D., M.S., John M. Kirkwood, M.D., all of Pitt, UPMC or both; Holly C. Beale, Ph.D., and Olena M. Vaske, Ph.D., both of the University of California, Santa Cruz; Carla J. Connelly, of Johns Hopkins University; and Carol W. Greider, Ph.D., of the University of California, Santa Cruz and Johns Hopkins University.

The research was supported by National Institutes of Health grants R35CA209974 and R01HL135062.