Following a recent proof-of-principle demonstration, researchers are adding a new combination of compounds to the quantum materials roster.

In a study reported in ACS Photonics, researchers combined two nanosized structures — one made of diamond and one of lithium niobate — onto a single chip. They then sent light from the diamond to the lithium niobate and measured the fraction of light that successfully made it across.

The greater that fraction, the more efficient the coupling of the materials, and the more promising the pairing as a component in quantum devices.

The result: An extraordinary 92% of the light made the jump from diamond to lithium niobate.

The research was supported in part by Q-NEXT, a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) National Quantum Information Science Research Center led by DOE’s Argonne National Laboratory. Stanford University’s Amir Safavi-Naeini and Jelena Vuckovic led the study.

“It was an exciting result to get 92% efficiency from this device,” said Hope Lee, paper co-author and a Ph.D. student at Stanford University and researcher who worked with Q-NEXT Director David Awschalom while an undergraduate at the University of Chicago. “It showed the advantages of the platform.”

A bit about qubits

Quantum technologies harness special features of matter at the molecular scale to process information. Quantum computers, networks and sensors are expected to have an enormous impact on our lives in areas such as medicine, communication and logistics.

Quantum information is delivered in packets called qubits, which can take many forms. In the research team’s new platform, qubits transmit information as particles of light.

Reliable qubits are critical for technologies such as quantum communication networks. As in traditional networks, information in quantum networks travels from one node to another. Stationary qubits store information within a node; flying qubits carry information between nodes.

The research team’s new chip would form the basis of a stationary qubit. The more robust the stationary qubit, the more reliable the quantum network, and the greater the distance that networks can cover. A quantum network spanning a continent is well within reach.

A material advantage

Diamond has long been touted as a great home for qubits. For one, diamond’s molecular structure can be easily manipulated to host stationary qubits. For another, a diamond-hosted qubit can maintain information for a relatively long time, meaning more time for performing computations. Also, computations performed using diamond-hosted qubits exhibit high accuracy.

Diamond’s partner in the group’s study, lithium niobate, is another star performer when it comes to processing quantum information. Its special properties give scientists versatility by allowing them to change the frequency of the light passing through it. For example, researchers can apply an electric field or a mechanical strain to the lithium niobate to adjust how it channels light. It’s also possible to flip the orientation of its crystal structure. Doing this at regular intervals is another way to shape light’s passage through the material.

“You can use these properties of the lithium niobate to convert and change the light coming from the diamond, modulating it in ways that are useful for different experiments,” said Jason Herrmann, paper co-author and a Ph.D. student at Stanford. “For instance, you can basically convert the light into a frequency used by existing communications infrastructure. So those properties of lithium niobate are really beneficial.”

A powerful pairing

Traditionally, light from diamond-hosted qubits is channeled into either a fiber-optic cable or free space. In both cases, the experimental setup is unwieldy. Fiber-optic cables are long, dangly and floppy. And transmitting qubits into free space requires bulky equipment.

All that equipment goes away when light from the diamond’s qubits is instead channeled into lithium niobate. Nearly every component can be placed on one tiny chip.

“There’s an advantage to having as many of your devices and your functionalities as possible on a single chip,” Lee said. “It’s more stable. And it really allows you to miniaturize your setups.”

Not only that, but because the two devices are connected by a whisper-thin filament — 1/100 of the width of a human hair — the quantum light is squeezed into the narrow passage that leads to lithium niobate, increasing the light’s interaction with the material and making it easier to manipulate light’s properties.

“When all the different light particles are interacting together in such a small volume, you get a much higher efficiency in the conversion process,” Herrmann said. “Being able to do this in the integrated platform will hopefully give rise to much higher efficiencies compared to the setup with fibers or free space.”

A challenging assembly

One of the challenges of developing the platform was manipulating the diamond — a mere 300 nanometers wide — to align with the lithium niobate.

“We had to poke at the diamond with tiny little needles to shift it around until it visibly looked like it was in the correct spot on this plate,” Lee said. “It’s almost like you’re poking at it with little chopsticks.”

Measuring the transferred light was another painstaking process.

“We have to really make sure we’re accounting for all the places where light is transmitted or lost to be able to say, ‘This is how much is going from diamond to lithium niobate,'” Herrmann said. “That calibration measurement took a lot of back and forth to make sure we were doing it correctly.”

The team is planning further experiments that leverage the quantum-information advantages offered by diamond and lithium niobate, both separately and together. Their latest success is only one milestone in what they hope will be a diverse menu of devices based on the two materials.

“By putting these two material platforms together and channeling light from one to the other, we show that, instead of working with just one material, you can really have the best of both worlds,” Lee said.

This work was supported by DOE’s Office of Science National Quantum Information Science Research Centers as part of the Q-NEXT center. It was also supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation and the Swiss National Science Foundation.

It’s also a problem UC Santa Barbara researchers Charlie Xiao, Elliot Hawkes and Bolin Liao are hoping to make a dent in. In a paper in the journal Device, the trio present an adaptive tile, which when deployed in arrays on roofs, can lower heating bills in winter and cooling bills in summer, without the need for electronics.

“It switches between a heating state and a cooling state, depending on the temperature of the tile,” said Xiao, the lead author of the study. “The target temperature is about 65° F — about 18° C.”

At about four inches square, this passive thermoregulating device is a blend of Liao’s expertise in thermal science and Hawkes’ work in mechanism design — a movable surface that can change its thermal properties in response to a range of temperatures. The idea for this project came to them during long drives between Santa Barbara and northern California a few years ago.

“Both our spouses were in Stanford at the time, so we were taking trips and wondering what we could potentially do together,” said Liao, who, like Hawkes, is a professor in UCSB’s Department of Mechanical Engineering. They then received seed funding from the California NanoSystems Institute on campus to design mechanically tunable thermal devices.

It wasn’t until Xiao’s idea of using a wax motor that the idea of adaptive roof tiles took its final shape. Based on the change in the volume of wax in response to temperatures it is exposed to, a wax motor creates pressure that moves mechanical parts, translating thermal energy into mechanical energy. Wax motors are commonly found in various appliances such as dishwashers and washing machines, as well in more specialized applications, such as in the aerospace industry.

In the case of the tile, the wax motor, depending on its state, can push or retract pistons that close or open louvers on the tile’s surface. So, in cooler temperatures, while the wax is solid, the louvers are closed and lay flat, exposing a surface that absorbs sunlight and minimizes heat dissipation through radiation.

But as soon as the temperatures reach around 18° C, the wax begins to melt and expand, pushing the louvers open and exposing a surface that reflects sunlight and emits heat.

In addition, during the melting or freezing process, the wax also absorbs or releases a large amount of heat, further stabilizing the temperature of the tile and the building.

“So we have a very predictable switching behavior that works within a very tight band,” Xiao explained. According to the researchers’ paper, testing has demonstrated a reduction in energy consumption for cooling by 3.1x and heating by 2.6x compared with non-switching devices covered with conventional reflective or absorbing coatings. Because of the wax motor, no electronics, batteries or external power sources are required to operate the device, and unlike other similar technologies, it is responsive within a few degrees of its target range. Additionally, the simplicity of its design lend itself to customization — different thermal coatings and various types of wax can be used to allow the device to operate at desired temperature ranges, while also lending itself toward mass manufacture.

“The device is still a proof-of-concept, but we hope it will lead to new technologies that one day could have a positive impact on energy expenditure in buildings,” said Hawkes.