The study, published in JAMA, found that measuring apolipoprotein B (apoB) was more effective than tracking LDL or non HDL cholesterol when deciding whether to intensify cholesterol lowering therapy, including statins and other medications.

“We found that apoB testing to intensify cholesterol-lowering medication would prevent more heart attacks and strokes than current practice, and that these health benefits were achieved at a cost that represents good value for U.S. healthcare payers,” said study lead author Ciaran Kohli-Lynch, assistant professor of preventive medicine in the division of epidemiology at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine.

Kohli-Lynch said this is the first comprehensive analysis to show that using apoB to guide cholesterol treatment is also cost effective.

Heart disease remains the leading cause of death in the United States and is responsible for enormous healthcare spending. Over time, tiny cholesterol carrying particles can become trapped inside artery walls, where they build up into plaques that restrict blood flow and raise the risk of heart attacks and strokes.

Why ApoB May Be a Better Measure of Heart Disease Risk

Doctors have long relied on LDL cholesterol and non HDL cholesterol levels to decide when patients should begin or intensify cholesterol lowering treatment. While those tests provide useful information, they do not fully capture a person’s cardiovascular risk.

“Research strongly shows that apolipoprotein B (apoB) is better at identifying who is at risk, because it counts the total number of harmful particles in the blood,” explained Kohli-Lynch.

Unlike standard cholesterol tests, apoB measures the number of cholesterol carrying particles that can contribute to plaque buildup. Researchers say that makes it a more direct indicator of cardiovascular risk.

Even with growing evidence supporting apoB, the test is still not commonly used in routine care. Kohli-Lynch said one reason is that measuring apoB generally requires an additional blood test beyond the standard cholesterol panel, increasing both cost and inconvenience.

“Our study asked: Is it worth spending extra money to use apoB instead of LDL to guide treatment intensification?” Kohli-Lynch said.

Computer Model Compared Three Cholesterol Testing Strategies

To answer that question, the research team created a computer simulation representing 250,000 U.S. adults who were eligible for statin therapy but did not already have cardiovascular disease.

The model compared three approaches for guiding treatment:

• LDL cholesterol (goal <100 mg/dL)
• Non-HDL cholesterol (goal <118 mg/dL)
• ApoB (goal <78.7 mg/dL)

When patients failed to meet their target, treatment was stepped up first by using stronger statins and then by adding ezetimibe if needed.

Researchers followed each strategy over a lifetime, estimating heart attacks, strokes, life expectancy, quality of life, and healthcare costs.

The results showed that using apoB to guide treatment consistently performed better than the LDL and non HDL approaches. It improved overall health outcomes, prevented more cardiovascular events, and did so in a way the researchers determined was cost effective.

New Cholesterol Guidelines Increase the Importance of Accurate Testing

The findings come as doctors have more cholesterol lowering medications available than ever before. Earlier this year, the American Heart Association and 10 other medical organizations also released updated guidelines recommending that many people begin cholesterol lowering therapy at younger ages.

“This means it is increasingly important to accurately identify who would benefit most from intensive treatment,” Kohli-Lynch said.

Other Northwestern coauthors include Drs. John Wikins and Samuel Luebbe.

The study, titled “Cost-Effectiveness of ApoB, Non-HDL-C, and LDL-C Goals for Primary Prevention Lipid-Lowering Therapy,” was supported by the American Heart Association Career Development Award 24CDA1274989 (Dr. Kohli-Lynch).

The study was led by PhD student Idan Sheizaf under the supervision of Prof. Ariel Chipman at The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Published in Ecology and Evolution, the research describes how land dwelling isopods, relatives of crabs and shrimp that are better known as woodlice or pill bugs, abandon their normally solitary habits to join enormous circular formations containing more than 5,000 individuals.

A surprising discovery in northern Israel

The unusual behavior first came to light after amateur naturalist Eviatar Itzkovich noticed huge swirling groups of isopods during summer nights in the Golan Heights.

The researchers focused on the species Armadillo sordidus, a little studied isopod that typically spends its time hidden beneath rocks and damp leaf litter, where moisture helps prevent it from drying out.

Although woodlice commonly cluster together to conserve moisture, scientists had never documented coordinated movement on this scale. Before this work, very little was known about A. sordidus. The study also expanded the species’ known range. Previously, it had only been recorded in southern Syria and the Golan Heights. Researchers have now documented it in the Jezreel Valley for the first time.

Experiments reveal the role of artificial light

To determine what was causing the strange circular marches, the team tested several possible explanations, including magnetic fields and different types of lighting.

Strong magnets placed near the moving isopods had no effect, even though the Golan Heights is known for unusual magnetic properties. The animals continued circling uninterrupted.

Ultraviolet flashlights attracted only a small number of isopods and never triggered the swirling formations.

White light, however, consistently produced the dramatic behavior. When researchers positioned a white lamp so that its beam shone straight down, the isopods repeatedly gathered into large rotating circles.

The experiments showed that the shape of the illuminated area is what matters most. A vertical beam creates a circular boundary of light on the ground. Drawn toward that edge, the isopods begin walking along its perimeter. As more individuals join, the movement reaches a tipping point and develops into a large, self sustaining circular procession.

Reflecting on the findings, Idan Sheizaf said: “While collective movement is common in the animal kingdom, seeing it in this form in isopods was entirely unexpected. It appears that the geometry of our modern world — specifically the circular pools of light created by streetlights, is interacting with the natural instincts of these creatures to create a mesmerizing, yet potentially harmful, emergent phenomenon.”

Why the “death spirals” may be dangerous

Although the swirling formations are visually striking, researchers believe they represent an unintended trap created by artificial light at night (ALAN), not a natural social behavior.

Most of the participants were female, and many were carrying eggs, making it unlikely that the gatherings were related to mating. Instead, the evidence suggests that artificial lighting is disrupting the animals’ normal instincts.

The consequences could be severe. During one observation, a centipede preyed on the distracted isopods while they remained caught in the swirling formation. By pulling these animals out of their sheltered habitats and keeping them moving in circles, streetlights may leave them vulnerable to predators while also wasting energy needed for survival.

The findings highlight how even a simple change to the environment, such as installing a streetlight, can reshape ancient behaviors in small animals that often go unnoticed.

Beyond its patriotic appearance, the image offers a rare look at a stellar system that has survived for nearly the entire history of the universe.

A 13-Billion-Year-Old Star Cluster

The featured object is NGC 6426, a globular cluster located in the outer halo of the Milky Way. Globular clusters are dense, spherical swarms of stars that remain bound together by gravity. About 150 of these ancient clusters are known to exist within our galaxy.

Most of the stars in a globular cluster are born from the same collapsing cloud of gas, so they tend to be roughly the same age. NGC 6426 is estimated to be around 13 billion years old, making it one of the oldest globular clusters in the Milky Way. Since the universe itself is about 13.7 billion years old, this cluster formed not long after the cosmos came into existence.

That extraordinary age makes NGC 6426 a valuable record of conditions in the early universe.

What the Colors in the Hubble Image Mean

The vivid colors are not simply for visual appeal. They represent different wavelengths of light collected through Hubble’s filters and processed using standard scientific techniques.

Blue highlights shorter wavelengths of visible light, while red represents longer visible wavelengths as well as some near infrared light. Because a star’s color is closely linked to its temperature, the blue stars are hotter and the red stars are cooler.

Ancient Stars Reveal the Early Universe

The stars in NGC 6426 have what astronomers call low metallicity, meaning they contain relatively small amounts of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium. This chemical makeup closely resembles the composition of the young universe, when almost all matter consisted of hydrogen and helium and heavier elements were only beginning to form inside massive stars through nuclear fusion.

Scientists have also found evidence that the cluster contains two chemically distinct populations of stars. This discovery suggests that the slightly younger stars formed after an earlier generation of massive stars ended their lives in powerful supernova explosions.

Those explosions scattered newly created heavy elements throughout the cluster, enriching the gas that later gave birth to another generation of stars. The same process gradually filled the universe with the ingredients needed to create planets and many of the elements found throughout the cosmos today.

Hubble Continues Uncovering the Milky Way’s History

NASA captured this image as part of an ongoing study of globular clusters in the Milky Way’s halo. By measuring their ages and examining their chemical composition, astronomers hope to better understand how our galaxy formed and evolved over billions of years.

For more than 30 years, the Hubble Space Telescope has transformed our view of the universe through groundbreaking discoveries. Today, its observations are complemented by NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope, which studies the cosmos in infrared light, while the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope, scheduled to launch in late summer, is expected to further expand our understanding of the universe.

The image showcases LH 95, a vast star forming region inside the Large Magellanic Cloud, a dwarf galaxy that orbits the Milky Way. This remarkable region contains both newly forming low mass stars and massive blue giants, making it one of the Large Magellanic Cloud’s many stellar associations.

Massive Stars Are Reshaping Their Surroundings

The brightest blue stars in LH 95 are also its most powerful. Each has at least three times the mass of the Sun and floods the surrounding region with intense ultraviolet radiation while blasting out powerful stellar winds.

Those energetic forces heat the surrounding hydrogen gas and gradually sculpt the nebula into its striking appearance. Thick lanes of dust stand out as dark filaments because they are dense enough to resist being worn away, creating dramatic contrast against the glowing red clouds.

The colors seen in the image represent specific wavelengths of light rather than what the human eye would naturally observe. Blue highlights shorter visible wavelengths, while red combines longer visible wavelengths with some near infrared light. The nebula’s brilliant crimson glow comes from hydrogen alpha emissions, a telltale sign that new stars are actively forming.

Thousands of Young Stars Are Still Growing

Hydrogen alpha light allows astronomers to pinpoint some of the youngest stars hidden inside the glowing gas. Hubble’s observations reveal thousands of developing stars that are still drawing in material from the surrounding disks of gas and dust that gave birth to them.

Researchers identified approximately 2,500 stars that have accumulated nearly all of the mass they need but have not yet begun nuclear fusion. These objects, known as pre-main-sequence stars, formed from collapsing clouds of gas and continue to shrink under their own gravity. Once their cores become hot and dense enough, hydrogen fusion will ignite, transforming them into fully fledged stars.

Hubble Reveals a Longer Growth Stage

Studying this enormous population of young stars has given astronomers new insight into how stars mature.

The observations confirmed that a young star’s accretion rate, or the speed at which it gathers material, naturally slows as it ages. At the same time, the research showed that this process can continue for several million years, lasting longer than some earlier assumptions suggested.

That discovery helps scientists better understand how stars continue building their final mass and how the disks surrounding them gradually evolve before eventually disappearing.

Multiple Generations of Stars Share One Cosmic Nursery

LH 95 is not producing stars in a single burst. Instead, it has been creating new stars over an extended period, leaving multiple generations living side by side.

One object especially stands out. The region’s most massive star, located slightly left of center near the top of the image, contains roughly 60 to 70 times the Sun’s mass. Despite its enormous size, it appears to be about one million years younger than most of its stellar neighbors, which are estimated to be around 4 million years old.

Stars this massive burn through their fuel quickly, meaning they will eventually end their lives in spectacular supernova explosions that help seed future generations of stars with heavy elements.

Why LH 95 Is So Valuable to Astronomers

LH 95 provides scientists with an exceptional opportunity to study stellar birth because it is both relatively nearby and less obscured by dust than similar star forming regions within the Milky Way. That clearer view allows astronomers to watch thousands of developing stars at different stages of evolution within the same cosmic neighborhood.

For more than 30 years, NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope has transformed our understanding of the universe through discoveries like this. Today, its observations are complemented by other NASA missions, including the infrared capable James Webb Space Telescope. Looking ahead, the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope, currently scheduled to launch in late summer, will further expand scientists’ ability to explore the cosmos.

Globular clusters are tightly packed, spherical collections of stars bound together by gravity. Unlike younger star groups that continue to evolve, the stars in a globular cluster formed from the same cloud of gas at roughly the same time billions of years ago. Because of this shared origin, they preserve an ancient record of the Milky Way’s history. Astronomers have identified around 150 globular clusters orbiting the outskirts of our galaxy.

A Remarkable Star Cluster Full of Rare Stellar Objects

Messier 3 is notable for more than just its enormous size. It also sits relatively far from the center of the Milky Way and contains an extraordinary population of RR Lyrae variable stars. More than 240 of these stars have been identified in M3, more than in any other known globular cluster in our galaxy.

These ancient variable stars are especially important because they brighten and dim in a predictable pattern. That regular cycle allows astronomers to determine their true brightness. By comparing that intrinsic brightness with how bright the stars appear from Earth, researchers can accurately calculate their distance. It works much like estimating how far away a car is at night if you know how bright its headlights are.

The Mystery of the Blue Straggler Stars

M3 is also home to around 70 identified candidates for an unusual class of stars called blue stragglers. These stars shine with a bright blue color that makes them appear much younger than the older, redder stars surrounding them.

This cluster was the first place where astronomers discovered blue stragglers. Scientists believe these stars likely pulled material away from nearby companion stars through gravitational interactions. That extra mass essentially gave them a second lease on life, making them hotter, brighter, and bluer even though they are actually just as old as their neighboring stars.

Evidence of an Ancient Cosmic Collision

Astronomers suspect M3’s unusual characteristics may trace back to a dramatic event in the distant past. The cluster contains two distinct populations of stars, raising the possibility that it formed when two globular clusters merged into one.

Those original clusters are thought to have belonged to the same dwarf galaxy before that smaller galaxy was eventually absorbed by the Milky Way, leaving M3 behind as a possible relic of that ancient galactic encounter.

How Hubble Uses Color To Reveal Stellar Temperatures

Hubble has observed Messier 3, also known as NGC 5272, several times over the years, helping scientists examine its unusual stellar population and complex structure in increasing detail.

The colors in this image are not simply for visual effect. Blue represents shorter wavelengths of visible light, while red corresponds to longer visible wavelengths along with some near infrared light. Hubble images are processed using standard techniques that assign colors based on the wavelengths captured through the telescope’s filters. Because a star’s color is closely linked to its temperature, the blue stars shown here are hotter, while the red stars are cooler.

Piecing Together the Milky Way’s Past

This image is part of a Hubble Treasury program that is surveying approximately half of the Milky Way’s known globular clusters. By comparing these ancient stellar systems, astronomers hope to build a detailed timeline showing how our galaxy formed and evolved over billions of years.

After more than 30 years of groundbreaking observations, Hubble remains one of NASA’s flagship space observatories. Working alongside the infrared capable James Webb Space Telescope and the upcoming Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope, it continues to reveal new details about the universe and helps scientists assemble an increasingly complete picture of our cosmic history.