Scientists reporting in the journal Aging-US examined whether two amino acids, phenylalanine and tyrosine, could influence how long people live (lifespan). Their findings suggest that higher levels of tyrosine in the blood are associated with a shorter life expectancy in men, raising new questions about the role this nutrient may play in aging.

The research was conducted by Jie V. Zhao, Yitang Sun, Junmeng Zhang, and Kaixiong Ye of the University of Hong Kong and the University of Georgia.

What Are Phenylalanine and Tyrosine?

Amino acids are often described as the building blocks of proteins. The body uses them to create and repair tissues, produce enzymes, and support countless biological functions.

Phenylalanine and tyrosine are two amino acids that help regulate metabolism and brain activity. They are naturally present in many foods, particularly meat, fish, eggs, dairy products, and other protein rich sources. They are also available in dietary supplements marketed for energy, focus, and cognitive performance.

Tyrosine is especially notable because it helps the body produce neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. These chemical messengers play important roles in mood, attention, motivation, memory, and the body’s response to stress.

Because of these functions, tyrosine has attracted growing interest among researchers studying aging, brain health, and lifespan.

Study Analyzed More Than 270,000 People

To investigate whether these amino acids affect longevity, the researchers analyzed health and genetic information from more than 270,000 participants enrolled in the UK Biobank, one of the world’s largest long term health databases.

The team used two complementary approaches. First, they examined observed relationships between amino acid levels and mortality. They also used a technique called Mendelian randomization, a genetic method that helps scientists determine whether an observed association may reflect a cause and effect relationship rather than simple coincidence.

This combination allowed the researchers to look beyond correlations and gain stronger evidence about whether amino acid levels could directly influence lifespan.

Tyrosine Stood Out as a Potential Longevity Risk

At first glance, both phenylalanine and tyrosine appeared to be associated with a higher risk of death. However, after accounting for additional factors and conducting more detailed analyses, only tyrosine continued to show a consistent relationship with lifespan.

The findings suggested that higher tyrosine levels may contribute to reduced life expectancy in men.

Based on genetic analyses, the researchers estimated that elevated tyrosine levels could shorten men’s lifespan by nearly one year.

Women did not show the same pattern. The study found no significant association between tyrosine levels and lifespan among female participants.

The researchers also noted that men generally have higher tyrosine levels than women, which may help explain part of the long observed difference in average lifespan between the sexes.

“Phenylalanine showed no association with lifespan in either men or women after controlling for tyrosine.”

Why Might Tyrosine Affect Aging?

Scientists do not yet know exactly how tyrosine might influence lifespan, but several possibilities have emerged.

One potential explanation involves insulin resistance, a condition in which the body’s cells become less responsive to insulin. Insulin resistance is linked to numerous age related health problems, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic disorders.

Tyrosine may also affect the production of neurotransmitters involved in the body’s stress response. Over time, disruptions in these systems could potentially influence long term health and aging.

Researchers suspect that hormone related pathways may also play a role. Because these biological pathways can function differently in men and women, they may help explain why the apparent lifespan effect was observed only in men.

What Does This Mean for Supplements?

Tyrosine is frequently marketed as a supplement that may help support concentration, mental performance, and alertness, particularly during stressful situations.

However, the new findings suggest there may be more to the story when considering long term health.

Importantly, the researchers did not directly examine tyrosine supplements or test whether taking supplemental tyrosine shortens lifespan. Instead, the study focused on naturally occurring blood levels of the amino acid and how those levels were associated with longevity.

As a result, the findings should not be interpreted as proof that tyrosine supplements are harmful. Nevertheless, they do suggest that elevated tyrosine levels could be worth further investigation.

The researchers note that dietary strategies such as reducing overall protein intake may help lower tyrosine levels. Future studies will be needed to determine whether such approaches can safely improve healthy aging and lifespan.

More Research Is Needed

While the study provides some of the strongest evidence so far linking tyrosine to longevity, many questions remain unanswered.

Scientists will need to confirm the findings in additional populations and better understand the biological mechanisms involved. Researchers also hope to learn whether diet, lifestyle changes, or other interventions can safely reduce tyrosine levels and potentially promote healthier aging.

For now, the study highlights an intriguing possibility: a nutrient best known for supporting brain chemistry may also have an unexpected connection to how long people live.

Data collected by the Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich satellite shows a broad area of unusually warm water, stretching hundreds of miles across, has reached the waters off South America. Because water expands as it warms, rising sea levels in a specific region of the ocean can reveal where temperatures are increasing beneath the surface.

El Niño can have far-reaching effects, bringing excessive rainfall to some regions while leaving others unusually dry. Those shifts can affect agriculture, transportation, water resources, and economies around the world.

Satellite Data Reveals Warm Pacific Waters

Launched in 2020 by NASA and led by ESA (European Space Agency) for the E.U. Copernicus Programme, Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich measures sea surface height across the world’s oceans every 10 days with precision down to fractions of an inch. One of its key roles is monitoring warm ocean features known as Kelvin waves, which are closely linked to the development of El Niño.

Kelvin waves typically begin when wind patterns over the far western equatorial Pacific briefly reverse direction. Instead of the usual easterly winds that blow from east to west, westerly winds develop. Combined with a broader weakening of easterly winds along the equator, this allows tropical waters in the western Pacific to warm and sea levels to rise.

The resulting wave of warm water then travels eastward across the Pacific over several weeks. When it reaches South America, ocean temperatures and sea levels near the coast increase. El Niño forms when several of these Kelvin waves occur over a period of months, causing warm water to accumulate along the coasts of Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.

“While this year’s event started a bit later than the big El Niños of 2015 and 1997, it’s beginning to catch up,” said Josh Willis, a sea level researcher at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California and project scientist for Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich. “We’ll see how big it gets.”

Satellite observations showed a small Kelvin wave developing near Micronesia in late January before fading by mid-February. Another wave formed in early March and steadily moved eastward. By mid-May, sea levels near Peru were more than 5.9 inches (15 centimeters) above long-term averages.

“NASA’s observation of El Niño uses sea level satellites like Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich to track massive Kelvin waves as they cross the Pacific, capture changes in Earth’s ocean thermodynamics, improve forecasts of weather extremes, and help communities prepare for potential coastal hazards,” said Nadya Vinogradova Shiffer, lead program scientist at NASA Headquarters in Washington. “Stay tuned as more ocean stories continue to unfold.”

How El Niño Affects Global Weather

The term El Niño dates back to the 1600s, when fishermen noticed that warmer ocean conditions often became stronger around Christmas. They called the phenomenon El Niño, Spanish for “the boy,” in reference to the birth of baby Jesus. The warmer waters also reduced fish catches.

When sea surface temperatures rise in the central and eastern Pacific, they can alter atmospheric circulation around the globe. One important effect is a shift in the jet stream, which influences the paths of storms. As a result, some regions may experience heavier rain or snowfall, while others see unusually hot and dry conditions.

The geographic reach of those impacts depends largely on the strength of the event. More moderate El Niños, such as those that began in 2018 and 2023, produced drought and flooding primarily within and around the tropical Pacific region. Stronger events, including the 2015-2016 El Niño, had consequences much farther afield, contributing to drought in Africa and flooding in California.

El Niño events typically reach their peak between November and January, meaning it will take several more months before the full extent of this year’s impacts becomes apparent.

“Every El Niño is different,” said JPL sea level researcher Severine Fournier, deputy project scientist for Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich. “But they almost always make for a hot year and big changes in rainfall in parts of the globe.”

Sentinel-6 Continues Decades of Sea Level Monitoring

Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich currently serves as the official reference satellite for measuring global sea levels. The mission continues a record that began in 1992 with the launch of TOPEX/Poseidon. Since then, a succession of satellites has extended that long-term dataset. The newest satellite in the series, Sentinel-6B, launched in November 2025 and is expected to assume responsibility for the mission by the end of 2026.

More About Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich

Named in honor of former NASA Earth Science Division Director Michael Freilich, Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich is one of two satellites that make up the Copernicus Sentinel-6/Jason-CS (Continuity of Service) mission.

Sentinel-6/Jason-CS is part of the European Union’s Copernicus Earth observation programme. The mission was jointly developed by ESA, the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT), NASA, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Funding support came from the European Commission, while the French space agency CNES (Centre National d’Études Spatiales) provided technical support related to mission performance.

EUMETSAT operates and monitors the spacecraft and processes all altimeter science data on behalf of the European Union’s Copernicus Programme, working in collaboration with the mission’s partner agencies.

NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), a division of Caltech in Pasadena, contributed three scientific instruments for each Sentinel-6 satellite: the Advanced Microwave Radiometer, the Global Navigation Satellite System — Radio Occultation, and the Laser Retroreflector Array.

NASA also provided launch services, ground systems used to operate the NASA instruments, science data processing systems for two of those instruments, and support for U.S. members of the international Ocean Surface Topography Science Team.

Yet that same bundle can quickly come undone. With the right vibration or movement, the staples can separate and return to a loose collection of individual pieces.

Researchers at the Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering at CU Boulder believe this unusual combination of strength and reversibility could help inspire a new generation of engineered materials. By designing particles that interlock in a similar way to staples, they hope to create materials that are strong, adaptable, and potentially recyclable.

“We’ve been playing around with the idea of building blocks and geometry for many years, but we started looking at interlocking, entangled particles only recently,” said Professor Francois Barthelat, the leader of the Laboratory for Advanced Materials & Bioinspiration. “We are excited about the combination of properties we can get out of these systems and we believe this technology has the potential to go in many directions.”

The findings were recently published in the Journal of Applied Physics.

How Entangled Particles Create Strength

The research centers on a phenomenon known as entanglement, which occurs when particles become intertwined and form connections with one another.

Entanglement is common throughout nature. Bird nests, for example, rely on a network of interwoven twigs and fibers to maintain their structure. Bones also gain strength through the interaction of hard mineral components and softer proteins.

The CU Boulder team wanted to understand how similar principles could be used to create manufactured materials. Their work pointed to one crucial factor: the shape of the particles themselves.

“Let’s take sand as an example. Sand is smooth and convex-shaped, meaning it cannot interlock from grain to grain,” PhD student Youhan Sohn said. “However, we found that if we change the shape of a grain of sand, we can drastically affect its behavior and mechanical properties, including the particle’s ability to link with other particles.”

To investigate further, the researchers used Monte Carlo simulations, a computational technique that allowed them to study how different particle shapes interact. Their objective was to identify a geometry that would maximize entanglement.

Why Staple-Shaped Particles Stand Out

After identifying promising designs through simulation, the team conducted pickup tests to observe how the particles behaved in real-world conditions.

The results revealed that a “two-legged” particle, resembling a staple, produced the highest degree of entanglement. The researchers also found that this shape offered several unexpected benefits.

One of the most notable was its ability to combine tensile strength and toughness, two properties that are often difficult to achieve together in conventional materials.

“Our entangled granular material using the staple-like particle demonstrates both high strength and toughness at the same time,” said PhD student Saeed Pezeshki.

The staple-like particles also displayed another unusual characteristic. They could rapidly come together into a stronger structure and then just as quickly separate again.

By applying different vibration patterns, the researchers were able to control how strongly the particles became entangled. Gentle vibrations encouraged the particles to interlock and strengthen the material, while stronger vibrations caused the network to unravel.

“It’s a strange material because it’s obviously not a liquid. However, it’s also not quite solid. This opens new and intriguing engineering possibilities,” Barthelat said. “Handling a bundle of these entangled particles feels very remote and exotic.”

Potential Uses in Construction and Robotics

The researchers believe the technology could eventually support more sustainable approaches to construction.

In the future, bridges, buildings, and other large structures might be built using entangled materials that can later be taken apart rather than demolished. Such materials could potentially be reused or fully recycled at the end of their service life.

The concept may also have applications in robotics.

“I was talking with other students who believe this technology can be used in swarm robotics — where small robots can entangle, do a task and then disentangle when they are done,” said Pezeshki.

“Yes, kind of like that liquid metal T-1000 in Terminator 2 who can change shape to slide under a door and then transform back to a human’s size on the other side,” added Barthelat. “It’s expensive and scaling up is a challenge, but it’s something that’s on everybody’s mind.”

Testing Even Stronger Particle Designs

The team is now moving into the next stage of the research.

Their latest experiments focus on a new particle design that includes additional protruding “legs.” The researchers compare the shape to the spiky burrs that cling stubbornly to shoes and clothing outdoors. They believe these added features could create even stronger entanglement effects and unlock new possibilities for future materials.

One of the most surprising features of quantum mechanics is that objects can exist in multiple states simultaneously. This concept is commonly illustrated by Schrödinger’s cat, a hypothetical cat that is considered both alive and dead until it is observed.

While the thought experiment is fictional, scientists routinely create real quantum superpositions in the laboratory. Atoms, light, and even motion can be placed into multiple quantum states at once. The ability to generate and control these states is critical for technologies such as quantum computers and ultra-precise clocks.

A familiar example is a quantum bit, or qubit, which can exist in a combination of both 0 and 1 at the same time. However, quantum systems are capable of much more than two-state behavior.

Quantum harmonic oscillators, which can occupy many energy levels, offer a far richer set of possibilities. These oscillators describe a wide range of physical systems, including light, vibrations, and the motion of trapped particles. Scientists have used them to create many different kinds of quantum superpositions. One well-known example is the “cat state,” where an oscillator exists as a superposition of two wave packets moving in opposite directions. These wave packets, called coherent states, are the closest quantum equivalents to classical motion.

Building Quantum States From Nonclassical Components

The Oxford team has now demonstrated an entirely new family of quantum superpositions.

Rather than constructing cat-like states from coherent-state wave packets, the researchers developed a technique that combines a broad range of quantum components that are already highly nonclassical. In squeezed-state superpositions, for example, quantum uncertainty is distributed differently across each part of the state.

The experiment relied on the motion of a single trapped ion. A trapped ion combines two distinct quantum systems in one platform. Its internal state behaves like a qubit, while its motion acts as a quantum harmonic oscillator that can occupy many different motional states. This combination makes trapped ions especially useful for creating quantum states that extend beyond conventional qubits.

To generate the new states, the researchers first engineered interactions that entangled the ion’s internal state with different possible states of motion. They then performed a mid-circuit quantum measurement on the internal state, causing the ion’s motion to collapse into the desired superposition of nonclassical components.

“This approach gave us a tool to sculpt the quantum superposition into almost any shape,” explains lead author Dr. Sebastian Saner (Department of Physics, University of Oxford).

Programmable Control of Exotic Quantum States

The new method gave the team a high degree of control over the quantum states they produced.

By adjusting experimental parameters, they could modify the relative size, orientation, and separation of the components within the superposition. This flexibility allowed them to create a wide variety of unusual motional quantum states using the same trapped-ion system.

The researchers then reconstructed the quantum states directly. Their measurements revealed interference patterns and regions of Wigner negativity — clear signs that the states could not be described as ordinary classical mixtures. These observations confirmed that the experiment had successfully produced genuine quantum superpositions composed of truly nonclassical motional states.

The team is now working with theorists to better understand exactly how “quantum” these newly created states are.

“We were really encouraged by our colleagues’ reaction when we showed them what we had made. We believe we’re still scratching the surface of what’s possible, both for practical applications and for understanding these states at a more fundamental level,” says Dr. Raghavendra Srinivas (Department of Physics, University of Oxford), who supervised the work.

Potential Impact on Quantum Computing

The research points toward future quantum technologies that rely on quantum oscillators instead of only simple quantum bits.

One particularly promising application is quantum computing. These types of states may be more resistant to errors while also supporting simpler and more effective error-correction strategies. Beyond computing, they provide a new experimental platform for investigating one of physics’ biggest questions: where the boundary lies between the classical world we experience and the underlying quantum reality that governs it.

Scientists from the University of Reading, Aberystwyth University, and Arla Foods Ingredients have been working together to develop a whey protein (a dairy derived ingredient found in gym shakes and sports supplements) with enhanced texture qualities.

Their findings, published in the International Dairy Journal, indicate that adjusting the manufacturing process could make whey protein drinks more pleasant to drink.

Holly Giles, lead author and PhD researcher at the University of Reading, said: “Protein drinks can often have issues with taste and texture, making them hard to swallow and finish. We know this is a real problem for a lot of people, whether they are trying to build muscle or simply maintain their strength as they get older. The research findings give us clear directions to investigate to make protein drinks more palatable and nutritious, which could make a real difference to people who rely on them.”

How Whey Protein Processing Affects Flavor

The study builds on earlier research from the same team that developed a technique for selectively concentrating whey proteins. Using carefully controlled pressure, researchers pushed liquid whey through a fine membrane and achieved more than twice the typical concentration of alpha-lactalbumin, a protein that is highly valued in infant formula production.

To better understand how this protein influences taste and texture, the researchers further refined the process at the pilot-scale food processing facilities at AberInnovation. This allowed them to produce an alpha-lactalbumin-enriched sample for testing.

Minerals Found To Influence Taste and Texture

Taste tests conducted by a trained sensory panel revealed several positive changes. The enriched whey protein delivered improved texture characteristics and reduced the amount of friction experienced in the mouth, creating a smoother drinking experience.

However, the panel also detected stronger bitter and peppery flavors. Further analysis showed that these unwanted tastes were not caused by the protein itself. Instead, they were linked to minerals that became concentrated during the processing stage.

After identifying the source of the problem, the researchers modified the filtration process to remove those concentrated minerals. The result was a product that retained the texture improvements while achieving taste characteristics comparable to the original whey protein control.

Giles concluded: “We now have a much clearer picture of how both the proteins and minerals in whey affect the way it tastes and feels to drink. Further research has the potential to improve the taste and texture of protein drinks, making them a more palatable and appealing option to the many people wanting to increase their protein intake.”