That plant, Tidestromia oblongifolia, has helped scientists at Michigan State University reveal how life can persist in such extreme conditions. Their findings offer a potential guide for developing crops that can survive in an increasingly hot climate.

In a study published in Current Biology, Research Foundation Professor Seung Yon “Sue” Rhee and Research Specialist Karine Prado report that T. oblongifolia actually grows more quickly under Death Valley’s summer conditions. The plant accomplishes this by fine-tuning its photosynthetic system to resist the damaging effects of heat.

A Plant That Grows Stronger in the Heat

For Prado, the project began with a simple question: how can this plant remain green and healthy when most others would wither within hours?

“When we first brought these seeds back to the lab, we were fighting just to get them to grow,” Prado said. “But once we managed to mimic Death Valley conditions in our growth chambers, they took off.”

Working with colleagues in the Rhee lab at MSU’s Plant Resilience Institute, Prado used custom-built growth chambers to reproduce the desert’s harsh light and extreme daily temperature shifts. The results were astonishing. In just 10 days, T. oblongifolia tripled its biomass. Meanwhile, other related species known for their heat tolerance stopped growing entirely.

The World’s Most Heat-Tolerant Plant

After only two days in extreme heat, T. oblongifolia expanded its photosynthetic comfort zone, allowing it to keep producing energy efficiently. Within two weeks, its optimal photosynthetic temperature rose to 45 degrees Celsius (113 degrees Fahrenheit) — higher than that of any major crop on record.

“This is the most heat-tolerant plant ever documented,” Rhee said. “Understanding how T. oblongifolia acclimates to heat gives us new strategies to help crops adapt to a warming planet.”

How the Desert Survivor Works

Using a combination of physiological tests, live imaging, and genomic analysis, the research team uncovered how T. oblongifolia coordinates multiple biological systems to survive.

Under Death Valley-level heat, the plant’s mitochondria — the structures that generate energy — move closer to the chloroplasts, where photosynthesis occurs. At the same time, the chloroplasts reshape into distinctive “cup-like” forms never before observed in higher plants. These adaptations may help the plant capture and recycle carbon dioxide more efficiently, maintaining energy production even under stress.

Within 24 hours of heat exposure, thousands of genes adjust their activity. Many are involved in shielding proteins, membranes, and photosynthetic machinery from damage. The plant also increases production of an enzyme known as Rubisco activase, which helps keep photosynthesis functioning smoothly at high temperatures.

Lessons for Future Agriculture

With global temperatures expected to rise by as much as 5 degrees Celsius by the end of the century, extreme heat is already reducing yields for essential crops like wheat, maize, and soybeans. As the global population grows, scientists are racing to find ways to sustain food production.

“T. oblongifolia shows us that plants have the capacity to adapt to extreme temperatures,” Rhee said. “If we can learn how to replicate those mechanisms in crops, it could transform agriculture in a hotter world.”

Learning From Nature’s Toughest Survivors

For decades, plant biology has centered on model species that are easy to cultivate, such as Arabidopsis, rice, and maize. Rhee believes it is time to look beyond these familiar plants and study species that have evolved to endure the world’s harshest environments.

“Desert plants have spent millions of years solving the challenges we’re only beginning to face,” she said. “We finally have the tools, such as genomics, high-resolution live imaging and systems biology, to learn from them. What we need now is broader support to pursue this kind of research.”

Her lab is already applying these insights, studying how the genes and cellular structures that give T. oblongifolia its extraordinary resilience might be used to make food crops more heat-tolerant.

“This research doesn’t just tell us how one desert plant beats the heat,” Prado said. “It gives us a roadmap for how all plants might adapt to a changing climate.”

The findings suggest that Antarctic ice retreat is not confined to one area but can spread across regions through oceanic links, amplifying ice loss on a continental scale. This process, in which meltwater from one region accelerates melting elsewhere, is known as a “cascading positive feedback.” Understanding this chain reaction offers crucial insight into why Antarctic ice sheets may be inherently unstable, both in the distant past and in the modern era.

Reconstructing Ancient Ice-Sheet Collapse

The study set out to identify what caused the large-scale ice loss in East Antarctica thousands of years ago.

The East Antarctic Ice Sheet, which holds over half of Earth’s freshwater, is already losing ice in some coastal zones today. Knowing how these massive ice systems responded to earlier warm periods provides valuable clues to their future under modern climate change. To trace this history, the team analyzed marine sediment cores collected from Lützow-Holm Bay, near Japan’s Syowa Station along the Sôya Coast. These were combined with geological and geomorphological surveys across Dronning Maud Land.

The sediments were obtained through decades of Japanese Antarctic Research Expeditions (JARE) between 1980 and 2023, including recent sampling from the icebreaker Shirase. Using sedimentological, micropaleontological, and geochemical analyses, along with measurements of beryllium isotope ratios (10Be/9Be), the researchers reconstructed past environmental changes in the bay. Their data show that around 9,000 years ago, warm Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) surged into the bay, leading to the collapse of floating ice shelves. Once these shelves broke apart, their loss of structural support allowed inland ice to accelerate toward the sea.

Modeling Reveals a Cascading Ocean Feedback

To determine why warm deep water intensified during that period, the researchers ran climate and ocean circulation models. These simulations showed that meltwater from other Antarctic regions, including the Ross Ice Shelf, spread throughout the Southern Ocean. This influx of freshwater freshened the surface ocean, strengthening vertical stratification and preventing cold surface water from mixing downward.

As a result, warm deep water was able to move more easily toward East Antarctica’s continental shelf. This created a reinforcing cycle: meltwater increased stratification, which in turn enhanced warm-water inflow, causing even more melting. The models demonstrate that this kind of interconnected “cascading feedback” could allow melting in one sector of Antarctica to trigger or accelerate ice loss in others through large-scale ocean circulation patterns.

A Warning Echoing Across Millennia

The research provides some of the clearest evidence yet that Antarctica’s ice sheet can undergo self-reinforcing, widespread melting when the planet warms. Although the event occurred in the early Holocene epoch, when global temperatures were naturally higher than during the last Ice Age, the same physical processes are relevant today.

Modern observations show that parts of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet — such as the Thwaites and Pine Island glaciers — are already retreating rapidly as warm deep water intrudes beneath them. If similar cascading feedbacks are happening now, localized melting could spread and accelerate overall ice loss, contributing to faster global sea-level rise.

International Collaboration and Global Implications

The project involved more than 30 institutions, including NIPR, the Geological Survey of Japan (AIST), the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), the University of Tokyo, Kochi University, Hokkaido University, and partners from New Zealand, Spain, and other countries.

This large-scale collaboration combined field surveys, marine sediment studies, cosmogenic nuclide dating, and advanced coupled climate-ocean modeling to reconstruct how the Antarctic ice-ocean system evolved.

Professor Suganuma emphasized the broader meaning of the findings: “This study provides essential data and modeling evidence that will facilitate more accurate predictions of future Antarctic ice-sheet behavior. The cascading feedbacks identified in this study serve to underscore the notion that minor regional alterations can potentially engender global ramifications.”

A team of scientists from Oxford University, the Southwest Research Institute, and the Planetary Science Institute in Tucson, Arizona, has uncovered the first evidence of significant heat flow at Enceladus’ north pole. Until now, scientists believed that heat loss was limited to the south pole, where geysers shoot water vapor and ice particles into space. The new measurements confirm that Enceladus is far more thermally active than previously thought, indicating that it generates and releases much more heat than a dormant, frozen moon would.

A Hidden Ocean Beneath the Ice

Enceladus is a geologically active world with a global, salty ocean hidden beneath its icy surface. Scientists believe this ocean is the main source of the moon’s internal heat. Because it contains liquid water, warmth, and essential chemical ingredients (such as phosphorus and complex hydrocarbons), this underground sea is considered one of the most promising environments in the solar system for life beyond Earth.

For life to thrive, Enceladus’ ocean must remain stable over long periods, maintaining an equilibrium between energy gained and lost. This balance is sustained through tidal heating, caused by Saturn’s powerful gravitational pull that stretches and compresses the moon as it orbits. If too little heat is produced, Enceladus’ surface activity would fade, and its ocean could eventually freeze. Too much energy, however, might trigger excessive geological activity, disrupting the delicate environment that supports its ocean.

“Enceladus is a key target in the search for life outside the Earth, and understanding the long-term availability of its energy is key to determining whether it can support life,” explained Dr. Georgina Miles (Southwest Research Institute and Visiting Scientist at the Department of Physics, University of Oxford), the study’s lead author.

Measuring Enceladus’ Mysterious Warmth

Until recently, scientists had only measured heat loss at the moon’s south pole. The north pole was believed to be geologically quiet and inactive. To challenge this assumption, the research team used data from NASA’s Cassini spacecraft to study the north polar region during two key periods: the deep winter of 2005 and the summer of 2015. These observations allowed scientists to estimate how much energy Enceladus loses as heat moves from its relatively “warm” subsurface ocean (0°C, 32°F) through its icy crust to the surface, which remains bitterly cold (-223°C, -370°F), before escaping into space.

By modeling expected surface temperatures during the long polar night and comparing them with infrared data from Cassini’s Composite InfraRed Spectrometer (CIRS), researchers found that the north pole’s surface was roughly 7 K warmer than expected. The only explanation for this excess warmth is heat leaking upward from the hidden ocean.

The team measured a heat flow of 46 ± 4 milliwatts per square meter. While that may sound modest, it equals about two-thirds of the average heat escaping through Earth’s continental crust. Across Enceladus, this amounts to about 35 gigawatts of energy — roughly the power produced by 66 million solar panels (530 W each) or 10,500 wind turbines (3.4 MW each).

A Stable Ocean Beneath the Ice

When the new measurements are combined with the heat previously detected at the active south pole, Enceladus’ total heat loss reaches about 54 gigawatts. This figure aligns closely with predictions of how much heat should be generated by tidal forces. The nearly perfect balance between heat creation and loss indicates that Enceladus’ ocean could remain liquid for vast spans of time, offering a stable, long-term environment that might allow life to develop.

“Understanding how much heat Enceladus is losing on a global level is crucial to knowing whether it can support life,” said Dr. Carly Howett (Department of Physics, University of Oxford and Planetary Science Institute in Tucson, Arizona), corresponding author of the study. “It is really exciting that this new result supports Enceladus’ long-term sustainability, a crucial component for life to develop.”

How Long Has the Ocean Existed?

The next challenge for scientists is to determine how long Enceladus’ ocean has been around. If it has existed for billions of years, the conditions for life would have been stable long enough for it to potentially emerge. However, the exact age of the ocean remains uncertain.

Mapping Enceladus for Future Missions

The research also demonstrated that thermal readings can help estimate the thickness of Enceladus’ ice shell, an important factor for planning future missions that may attempt to explore its ocean using robotic probes or landers. The analysis suggests that the ice is 20 to 23 km thick at the north pole, and about 25 to 28 km thick on average across the moon — slightly deeper than earlier estimates derived from other models.

“Eking out the subtle surface temperature variations caused by Enceladus’ conductive heat flow from its daily and seasonal temperature changes was a challenge, and was only made possible by Cassini’s extended missions,” added Dr. Miles. “Our study highlights the need for long-term missions to ocean worlds that may harbor life, and the fact the data might not reveal all its secrets until decades after it has been obtained.”

However, these “conventional” superconductors only operate at extremely cold temperatures. They must be kept in specialized cooling systems to remain in their superconducting state. If materials could superconduct at warmer, more practical temperatures, they could transform modern technology — from creating energy grids that waste no power to enabling more functional quantum computers. To reach that goal, researchers at MIT and other institutions are exploring “unconventional” superconductors, materials that defy the rules of traditional ones and may lead to the next big breakthrough.

MIT’s Magic-Angle Graphene Discovery

In a major step forward, MIT physicists have observed clear evidence of unconventional superconductivity in “magic-angle” twisted tri-layer graphene (MATTG). This unique material is created by stacking three atom-thin sheets of graphene at a very specific angle. That tiny twist dramatically alters the material’s properties, giving rise to strange and promising quantum effects.

While earlier studies hinted that MATTG might host unconventional superconductivity, the new findings, published in Science, offer the most direct confirmation to date.

A New Look at the Superconducting Gap

The MIT team successfully measured MATTG’s superconducting gap, which indicates how strong a material’s superconducting state is at different temperatures. They found that the gap in MATTG looked completely different from what is seen in conventional superconductors. This difference suggests that the way MATTG becomes superconducting relies on a distinct, unconventional mechanism.

“There are many different mechanisms that can lead to superconductivity in materials,” explains co-lead author Shuwen Sun, a graduate student in MIT’s Department of Physics. “The superconducting gap gives us a clue to what kind of mechanism can lead to things like room-temperature superconductors that will eventually benefit human society.”

The team made this discovery with a new experimental system that lets them directly observe how the superconducting gap forms in two-dimensional materials. They plan to use the technique to study MATTG and other 2D materials in more detail, hoping to identify new candidates for advanced technologies.

“Understanding one unconventional superconductor very well may trigger our understanding of the rest,” says Pablo Jarillo-Herrero, the Cecil and Ida Green Professor of Physics at MIT and senior author of the study. “This understanding may guide the design of superconductors that work at room temperature, for example, which is sort of the Holy Grail of the entire field.”

The Origins of Twistronics

Graphene is made of a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal pattern that looks like chicken wire. Scientists can peel off a sheet of graphene from graphite (the same material in pencil lead) to study its properties. In the 2010s, researchers predicted that stacking two layers of graphene at a very precise angle could create new electronic behaviors.

In 2018, Jarillo-Herrero’s group became the first to experimentally produce this so-called “magic-angle” graphene and reveal its extraordinary properties. That work launched a new field of research known as “twistronics,” which studies the surprising effects that emerge when ultra-thin materials are stacked and twisted at exact orientations. Since then, the team and others have explored a variety of graphene structures with multiple layers, revealing further signs of unconventional superconductivity.

How Electrons Cooperate

Superconductivity occurs when electrons form pairs rather than scattering apart as they move through a material. These paired electrons, known as “Cooper pairs,” can travel without resistance, creating a perfect flow of current.

“In conventional superconductors, the electrons in these pairs are very far away from each other, and weakly bound,” says co-lead author Jeong Min Park PhD ’24. “But in magic-angle graphene, we could already see signatures that these pairs are very tightly bound, almost like a molecule. There were hints that there is something very different about this material.”

Probing the Quantum World Through Tunneling

To prove that MATTG truly exhibits unconventional superconductivity, the MIT researchers needed to measure its superconducting gap directly. As Park explains, “When a material becomes superconducting, electrons move together as pairs rather than individually, and there’s an energy ‘gap’ that reflects how they’re bound. The shape and symmetry of that gap tells us the underlying nature of the superconductivity.”

To do this, scientists used a quantum-scale technique known as tunneling spectroscopy. At this level, electrons act both as particles and as waves, which allows them to “tunnel” through barriers that would normally stop them. By studying how easily electrons can tunnel through a material, researchers can learn how strongly they are bound inside it. However, tunneling results alone don’t always prove that a material is superconducting, making direct measurements both crucial and challenging.

A Closer Look at the Superconducting Gap

Park’s team developed a new platform that combines tunneling spectroscopy with electrical transport measurements, which involve tracking how current moves through the material while monitoring its resistance (zero resistance means it’s superconducting).

Using this method on MATTG, the researchers could clearly pinpoint the superconducting tunneling gap — it appeared only when the material reached zero resistance, the defining mark of superconductivity. As they changed the temperature and magnetic field, the gap displayed a sharp V-shaped curve, very different from the smooth, flat pattern typical of conventional superconductors.

This unusual V shape points to a new mechanism behind MATTG’s superconductivity. Although the exact process is still unknown, it’s now clear that this material behaves unlike any conventional superconductor discovered before.

A Different Kind of Electron Pairing

In most superconductors, electrons pair up due to vibrations in the surrounding atomic lattice, which gently push them together. Park believes MATTG operates differently.

“In this magic-angle graphene system, there are theories explaining that the pairing likely arises from strong electronic interactions rather than lattice vibrations,” she says. “That means electrons themselves help each other pair up, forming a superconducting state with special symmetry.”

The Path Ahead: Next-Generation Quantum Materials

The MIT team plans to apply their new experimental setup to study other twisted and layered materials.

“This allows us to both identify and study the underlying electronic structures of superconductivity and other quantum phases as they happen, within the same sample,” Park explains. “This direct view can reveal how electrons pair and compete with other states, paving the way to design and control new superconductors and quantum materials that could one day power more efficient technologies or quantum computers.”

This research received support from the U.S. Army Research Office, the U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, the MIT/MTL Samsung Semiconductor Research Fund, the Sagol WIS-MIT Bridge Program, the National Science Foundation, the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, and the Ramon Areces Foundation.