The study, by Bangor University and Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, published in the scientific journal People and Nature, involved city-dwellers, and showed how paying visual attention to greenery, rather than human-made structures, can alleviate anxiety and enhance restorative feelings.

The 117 urban residents who took part in the study, were guided on a 45-minute urban walk, while wearing eye-tracking glasses. They were instructed to focus their gaze on trees, plants, lawns and flowers, man-made structures or a mix of both. This unique methodology revealed that a participants’ focus on nature was associated with improvements in various mental health metrics, including anxiety levels and feelings of restorativeness.

Dr Whitney Fleming, a lecturer in Human Geography at Bangor University explained the findings, saying,

“We found that the individuals who were guided to direct their gaze more frequently at green elements reported a significant reduction in anxiety, with trees showing the most substantial positive effect.”

The study highlights a strong link between observing green elements, especially trees, and an increase in perceived restorativeness, suggesting that even brief interactions with nature can provide mental health benefits.”

Urban Design Implications

These insights offer valuable guidance for urban planners and architects, suggesting that integrating more natural features into city landscapes can play a crucial role in enhancing the mental well-being of residents. “The Nature Gaze” study supports the idea of urban environments that promote engagement with nature, highlighting a simple yet effective strategy for improving urban mental health.

“COVID-19 forced educators to adjust their educational best practices to an unfamiliar virtual classroom, and professional development was no different,” said Karen Jo Matsler, assistant professor in practice for UTeach at UTA and lead author on the study.

Ramon Lopez, professor of physics, was coprincipal investigator on the project. Chandralekha Singh from the University of Pittsburgh was a co-author.

QIS is a new field of science and technology that combines physical science, math, computer science and engineering, and it is key to everyday items like cellphones and solar technology. However, most high schools don’t teach the subject, preventing students from acquiring the skills they need to pursue lucrative jobs.

As part of a $1 million grant from the National Science Foundation in 2021, Matsler and her colleagues aimed to teach QIS to high school science teachers, who could then bring this newly acquired knowledge to their classrooms.

“However, the pandemic made us scrap our original plans for in-person training to an online environment,” Matsler said. “We knew that teaching QIS online would be challenging, but we were pleasantly surprised how well it worked.”

Matsler, Lopez and the team found that what worked best for teaching QIS online was sending participants some of the material in advance to allow them to become familiar with the topics. Then during the sessions, the educators used Zoom — with features such as chat, polling and breakout rooms — to keep the individuals engaged in learning. They also led activities where the learners had a chance to practice teaching the material, another technique that helped individuals stay engaged.

To avoid cognitive overload, the team found main discussions needed to be kept at 15 to 30 minutes, each with breakout sessions lasting five to seven minutes, with a total session time of about 90 to 120 minutes.

“This gave participants ample opportunities to discuss the quantum concepts in small groups varying from two to six participants,” Matsler said. “During these small discussions, leaders rotated in and out of the rooms to check on the participants, clarify instructions and answer questions.”

The instructors also recommend “icebreaker” activities to increase community engagement in virtual learning.

“These icebreaker activities can easily be used to engage students, take attendance and gauge how much the individuals know about the upcoming subject lesson,” Matsler said. “A key element to all of this online learning is making sure the learners feel they are in a safe community to learn and exchange ideas.”

The team also found that short, relevant videos helped teach complicated topics. They recommend keeping the chat function operational during videos to allow participants to ask questions and stay engaged.

“Ideally, QIS is taught in a classroom with hands-on activities to allow learners to see and touch how things like maglev trains and quantum levitation work,” Matsler said. “However, our experiences show that embedding appropriate pedagogy and content with online learning can be effective at teaching these topics. Understanding there is an effective virtual option is important as the country ramps up its efforts to accelerate quantum research and development to stay competitive with other countries in this field.”

The study will be published on June 7 in the journal Science Advances.

Before surgeons remove the pancreas from patients with severe, painful chronic pancreatitis, they first harvest insulin-producing tissue clusters, called islets, and transplant them into the vasculature of the liver. The goal of the transplant is to preserve a patient’s ability to control their own blood-glucose levels without insulin injections.

Unfortunately, the process inadvertently destroys 50-80% of islets, and one-third of patients become diabetic after surgery. Three years post-surgery, 70% of patients require insulin injections, which are accompanied by a list of side effects, including weight gain, hypoglycemia and fatigue.

In the new study, researchers transplanted islets from the pancreas to the omentum — the large, flat, fatty tissue that covers the intestines — instead of the liver. And, to create a healthier microenvironment for the islets, the researchers adhered the islets to the omentum with an inherently antioxidant and anti-inflammatory biomaterial, which rapidly transforms from a liquid to a gel when exposed to body temperature.

In studies with mouse and non-human primates, the gel successfully prevented oxidative stress and inflammatory reactions, significantly improving survival and preserving function of transplanted islets. It marks the first time a synthetic antioxidant gel has been used to preserve function of transplanted islets.

“Although islet transplantation has improved over the years, long-term outcomes remain poor,” said Northwestern’s Guillermo A. Ameer, who led the study. “There is clearly a need for alternative solutions. We have engineered a cutting-edge synthetic material that provides a supportive microenvironment for islet function. When tested in animals, we were successful. It kept islet function maximized and restored normal blood sugar levels. We also report a reduction in units of insulin that animals required.”

“With this new approach, we hope that patients will no longer have to choose between living with the physical pain of chronic pancreatitis or the complications of diabetes,” added Jacqueline Burke, a research assistant professor of biomedical engineering at Northwestern and the paper’s first author.

An expert in regenerative engineering, Ameer is the Daniel Hale Williams Professor of Biomedical Engineering at Northwestern’s McCormick School of Engineering, a Professor of Surgery at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine and founding director of the Center for Advanced Regenerative Engineering.

‘Compromised quality of life’

For patients living without a pancreas, side effects such as managing blood-sugar levels can be a lifelong struggle. By secreting insulin in response to glucose, islets help the body maintain glycemic control. Without functioning islets, people must closely monitor their blood-sugar levels and frequently inject insulin.

“Living without functional islets places a great burden on patients,” Burke said. “They must learn to count carbs, dose insulin at the appropriate time and continuously monitor blood glucose. This consumes much of their time and mental energy. Even with great care, exogeneous insulin therapy is not as effective as islets for maintaining glucose control. Patients with out-of-range blood glucose will develop complications, such as blindness and amputation. Our goal is for this biomaterial to preserve the islets, so patients can live a normal life — a life without diabetes.”

“It’s a compromised quality of life,” Ameer said. “Instead of multiple insulin injections, we would love to collect and preserve as many islets as possible.”

But, unfortunately, the current standard of care for preserving islets often leads to poor outcomes. After the surgery to remove the pancreas, surgeons isolate islets from the pancreas and transplant them to the liver through portal vein infusion. This intraportal perfusion procedure has several common complications. Islets in direct contact with blood flow undergo an inflammatory response, more than half of the islets die, and transplanted islets can cause dangerous clots in the liver. For those reasons, physicians and researchers have been searching for an alternate transplantation site.

In previous clinical studies, researchers transplanted islets to the omentum instead of the liver in order to bypass issues with clotting. To secure the islets on the omentum, physicians used plasma from the patients’ own blood to form a biologic gel. While the omentum appeared to work better than the liver as a transplantation site, several issues, including clots and inflammation, remained.

“There’s been significant interest in the research and medical communities to find an alternate islet transplantation site,” Ameer said. “The results from the omentum study were encouraging, but outcomes were varied. We believe that’s because the use of the patients’ blood and the added components required to create the biologic gel can affect reproducibility among patients.”

A citrate solution

To protect the islets and improve outcomes, Ameer turned to the citrate-based biomaterials platform with inherent antioxidant properties developed in his laboratory. Used in products approved by U.S. Food and Drug Administration for musculoskeletal surgeries, citrate-based biomaterials have demonstrated the ability to control the body’s inflammatory responses. Ameer set out to investigate whether a version of these biomaterials with biodegradable and temperature-responsive phase-changing properties would provide a superior alternative to a biologic gel obtained from blood.

In cell cultures, both mouse and human islets stored within the citrate-based gel maintained viability much longer than islets in other solutions. When exposed to glucose, the islets secreted insulin, demonstrating normal functionality. Moving beyond cell cultures, Ameer’s team tested the gel in small and large animal models. Liquid at room temperature, the material turns into a gel at body temperature, so it’s simple to apply and easily stays in place.

In the animal studies, the gel effectively secured the islets onto the omentum of the animals. Compared to the current methods, more islets survived, and, over time, the animals restored normal blood glucose levels. According to Ameer, the success is partially due to the new material’s biocompatibility and antioxidant nature.

“Islets are very sensitive to oxygen,” Ameer said. “They are affected by both too little oxygen and too much oxygen. The material’s innate antioxidant properties protect the cells. Plasma from your own blood doesn’t offer the same level of protection.”

Integrating into tissues

After about three months, the body resorbed 80-90% of the biocompatible gel. But, at that point, it was no longer needed.

“What was fascinating is that the islets regenerated blood vessels,” Ameer said. “The body generated a network of new blood vessels to reconnect the islets with the body. That is a major breakthrough because the blood vessels keep the islets alive and healthy. Meanwhile, our gel is simply resorbed into the surrounding tissue, leaving little evidence behind.”

Next, Ameer aims to test his hydrogel in animal models over a longer period of time. He said the new hydrogel also could be used for various cell replacement therapies, including stem cell-derived beta cells for treating diabetes.

The study, “Phase-changing citrate macromolecule combats oxidative pancreatic islet damage, enables islet engraftment and function in the omentum,” was supported by the U.S. Department of Defense and the National Science Foundation.

“We are proposing that if we can couple basic income with environmental protection, we can save two birds with one stone,” says first author U. Rashid Sumaila of the University of British Columbia in Vancouver.

Sumaila has been working on ending harmful fishery subsidies worldwide, but many people who rely on fisheries for their livelihoods, especially those in developing countries, say they need the subsidies to support their families. “One of the ways we can deal with this is to give the people basic income. With that, we could achieve sustainability goals without compromising people’s livelihoods,” he says.

The research team estimated that it would cost $41 trillion to provide the entire world population of 7.7 billion people with a basic income, or $442 billion to fund only 9.9 million people living below the poverty line in less developed countries. In return, giving basic income to the entire world population could boost the global GDP by $163 trillion, which is about 130% of the current GDP.

Every dollar spent on implementing basic income can generate as much as $7 in economic impacts, the analysis shows. “If you give someone one dollar, they will spend part of the money to buy food or pay rent. And people that are paid for the food and accommodation will use part of this for their own consumption and so on. The dollar will trickle up throughout society. Our calculations show that the economic impact of that dollar will be much greater than its original amount,” Sumaila says.

The team also explored ways to fund basic income. They estimated that taxing CO₂ emitters alone can generate about $2.3 trillion a year, enough to provide a basic income for all people living below the poverty line in less developed countries.

The researchers also suggested other alternative options to finance basic income programs, such as a plastic pollution tax or redirecting harmful oil, gas, agriculture, and fisheries subsidies to fund the program. These approaches can address two of the biggest challenges around the world — reducing environmental degradation and alleviating poverty.

Real world examples have shown the benefits of basic income programs. For example, in Indonesia, villages that received a basic income have substantially lower deforestation rates than those without it.

“It’s not easy to implement carbon taxes, but that doesn’t stop our academics from reporting the evidence we have. Besides, we are not taxing everyone, just those who pollute the environment. They should pay for the damage they caused,” Sumaila says.

Basic income can also be a proactive program, Sumaila says. When crises like pandemics or natural disasters hit, communities can be more resilient.

“We saw during COVID-19, governments around the world were coming up with all sorts of programs to support people who suddenly lost their ability to earn income. If we had basic income in place, we didn’t have to scramble,” Sumaila says.

The study results, published June 5 in The EMBO Journal, shed new light, researchers say, on the way the altered mitochondrial membranes found in people with metabolic diseases such as Barth syndrome, a rare genetic disorder that weakens the heart, fail to enable cellular power production.

Metabolism is a set of biochemical reactions central to making energy to fuel life and to getting rid of substances a body no longer needs. Metabolic diseases include forms of high cholesterol that run in families. Approximately one in three adults have some form of a metabolic syndrome, according to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.

Building on previous research, the Johns Hopkins scientists sought to better understand the interaction of two components in the mitochondrial membrane: cardiolipin, a fatty compound, or lipid, and proteins that transport the building blocks of adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, an energy molecule made by the mitochondria that fuels cell metabolism.

“Down the line, a better understanding of protein-lipid interactions could help researchers find new therapeutic targets for a wide range of metabolic diseases, including Barth syndrome,” says senior author Steven Claypool, Ph.D., professor of physiology at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.

He says previous studies suggested it’s likely that protein-lipid interactions in mitochondrial membranes play an important role in regulating mitochondria’s powerhouse activities.

The researchers conducted their experiments in samples of yeast with mutations, or alterations, in a mitochondrial membrane protein called AAC and samples of human cells that modeled a person with a mutation of the protein ANT1 who was diagnosed with metabolic disease, symptoms of which include weakness in the heart and skeletal muscles, exercise intolerance and hyperlactatemia, or elevated lactate levels in the blood.

The protein in yeast, AAC, is the equivalent of ANT in humans, Claypool says.

Looking at three areas where cardiolipin binds to the AAC proteins in yeast, Claypool and his colleagues found that when they introduced mutations into AAC2 to disrupt these interactions, cardiolipin could no longer bond to the protein, which weakened its structure and lowered its function.

Similarly, in the cell model of the person with mutations in ANT1, the protein’s structure was weakened, limiting its ability to transport ATP across the mitochondrial membrane.

“These findings indicate that when the interaction between cardiolipin and proteins break down, the entire process that makes mitochondria our powerhouse is disrupted,” says first author Nanami Senoo, Ph.D., a postdoctoral fellow in Claypool’s lab.

Claypool says few studies have detailed individual protein-lipid interactions, and many more experiments will be needed to “understand the full complement of mechanisms and roles that these interactions have in the membrane.”

Mitochondrial membranes contain a lot of proteins, many of which associate with lipids.

“This discovery opens up new possibilities for understanding the complexities of how our cells produce energy,” Claypool says. “In the future, we plan to explore how other protein-lipid interactions contribute to energy production.”

Other scientists who contributed to the study are Matthew G. Baile, Oluwaseun B. Ogunbona, James A. Saba, Teona Munteanu, Yllka Valdez, Kevin Whited and Macie S. Sheridan of Johns Hopkins; Dinesh K. Chinthapalli, Bodhisattwa Saha, Abraham O. Oluwole, Dror Chorev and Carol V. Robinson of University of Oxford; Vinaya K. Golla, Nathan N. Alder and Eric R. May of University of Connecticut.

Funding for this study was provided by the National Institutes of Health (R01HL108882, R01HL165729, R35GM119762, T32GM007445 and T32GM136577), the American Heart Association, the Uehara Memorial Foundation, the Barth Syndrome Foundation and the Royal Society Newton International Fellowship.

These strange structures are called membrane nanotubes, and the most relevant thing is that, according to the study, these small tubes make it possible for these living beings to transfer material by generating an exchange bridge, a kind of hose that connects with nearby cells, allowing them to transfer substances from some cyanobacteria to others. Since the discovery of these organisms, this is the first time that physical and direct contact between them has been demonstrated.

“This finding has enormous implications, and strengthens the idea that we need to change the way we think about cyanobacteria,” said researcher José Manuel García. Challenging the idea that these organisms operate in isolation, the study suggests that they could act as a kind of network in which they interact, a premise of great relevance considering that these living beings are the most abundant photosynthetic organisms on the planet, representing a veritable “lung” for the oceans, and being indispensable for the sustenance of life as we know it.

In recent years the study, led by principal investigator María del Carmen Muñoz, has mobilized a multidisciplinary group composed of, among others, the UCO’s Departments of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Cell Biology; the Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research (Cordoba), the University of Cádiz’s University Institute of Marine Research, the Institute of Plant Biochemistry and Photosynthesis (Seville), and oceanographer Sallie W. Chisholm, a member of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and discoverer of the Prochlorococcus genus of cyanobacteria.

Key details

Since the study began, and after reviewing the literature available on these nanotubes in other bacteria, the team has launched different experiments in the laboratory, such as the use of fluorescent proteins and their monitoring by fluorescence microscopy; and the use of electron microscopy for the characterization of these structures. Through these tests they have been able to confirm that there is an exchange of material from the interior of one cell to the other. In addition, as doctoral student and the study’s first author Elisa Angulo explained, the work has shown that this transfer of substances not only occurs in cyanobacteria of the same lineage, but also between those of different genders, something that has been verified not only at the laboratory level, but also in natural ocean samples.

New questions

As is often the case in science, these findings now open the door to new questions: is this transfer of molecules a support mechanism or a weapon to compete for survival? What other substances could be exchanged, beyond proteins? Is there any relationship between this mechanism and the amount of food available in the environment? Elisa Angulo, a researcher at the University of Cordoba, is already trying to answer this last question, and has just concluded a voyage on the high seas in which she has been researching the behavior of these living beings in oligotrophic areas of the Pacific poor in nutrients. We will have to wait for the next few months to continue acquiring knowledge about these marine bacteria, the living beings that invented photosynthesis and that, more than 3.5 billion years old, represent one of the oldest known forms of life. Their study, therefore, is not only of vital importance for ecosystems, but also to understand fundamental processes in the vast field of Biology.

Nanoparticles are contained in a large number of products, but they are also produced during wear and tear as well as through combustion processes (see box). “We absorb these substances from the environment via our food, cosmetics or the air we breathe,” explains Bürki. Some of these nanoparticles are suspected of harming babies in the womb. Low birth weight, autism and respiratory diseases are among the possible consequences for the child.

Mysterious remote effect

It is still unclear how the nanoparticles affect the unborn child. “We already know that the placental barrier retains many nanoparticles or at least delays their transport to the embryo,” says Bürki. However, damage to the fetal tissue occurs, even if no particles have been detected in the fetus. The Empa team is now getting to the bottom of this long-range effect of nanoparticles. Together with clinical partners from the Cantonal Hospital of St. Gallen and research partners from the University of Geneva, the Amsterdam University Medical Center and the Leibniz Institute for Environmental Medical Research in Düsseldorf, the team is investigating the consequences of common nanoparticles such as titanium dioxide or diesel soot on the function of the placenta and their indirect damage to embryonic development.

For this purpose, the team used fully functional human placentas that were made available after planned caesarean sections. “Human placental tissue is the only way to obtain meaningful results on the transport and effect of nanoparticles,” says the Empa researcher. “The structure, metabolism and interaction of maternal and fetal tissue are unique and species-specific.”

The experiments showed that nanoparticles in placental tissue disrupt the production of a large number of messenger substances. And it is these messengers that can trigger serious changes in embryonic development, such as disturbed blood vessel formation.

These effects can be visualized in laboratory models using chicken eggs. The blood vessels in the egg actually grow at an enormous speed and density to enable embryonic development. A dense network of fine blood vessels covers the inside of the eggshell. The situation is strikingly different in eggs treated with the altered messenger substances from the nanoparticle-treated placenta: In the experiments, the blood vessel system was not as dense but rather coarse-meshed. “Nanoparticles apparently have an indirect effect on the child in the womb by inhibiting the formation of blood vessels via messenger substances,” says Tina Bürki.

Health consequences

The researchers are currently investigating the entirety of the messenger substances released by a nanoparticle-treated placenta, the so-called secretome. Uncontaminated, the interplay of hormones, inflammatory mediators and signaling substances for the formation of organ systems resembles a perfectly tuned orchestra. It is already clear that the communication between the placenta and the unborn child is disrupted by the presence of nanoparticles and damages the formation of blood vessels. However, initial results show that the development of the nervous system does not appear to be affected. Future analyses will show what other disorders the nanoparticles can trigger indirectly. “As the effects can have an impact on the health of the pregnant woman and the development of her child, these findings should be taken into account in the risk assessment of nanomaterials,” says the researcher.

The clinical partner, the Cantonal Hospital of St. Gallen, is also interested. As Thomas Rduch from the Women’s Clinic and also a Clinical Research Fellow at Empa puts it: “A healthy placenta is of utmost importance for the development of the child. Correct risk assessments of environmental pollution are therefore crucial for pregnant women.”

The placenta

The placenta is an organ that forms exclusively during pregnancy. It supplies the child in the womb with nutrients and also serves as a filter for environmental influences. This so-called placental barrier offers the unborn child a certain degree of protection against pathogens or harmful substances. However, some substances, such as environmental estrogens can pass through the placental barrier and are suspected of being associated with various diseases.

Nanoparticles

Nanoparticles are only a few millionths of a millimeter in size. They include titanium dioxide, for example, which can be found in many foods, cosmetics and medicines. Silicon dioxide is found in paints and printing paper, for example, and is also used as a food additive. Other nanoparticles come from environmental pollution processes such as plastic abrasion (nanoplastics) or industrial soot. They can enter the human body via the respiratory tract, the digestive tract or the skin.

Siegelman first made the connection between our planet and the gas giant in 2018 when she noticed a striking similarity between images of Jupiter’s huge cyclones and the ocean turbulence she was studying. To a physicist, air and water are both considered fluids so applying ocean physics to Jupiter isn’t as far-fetched as it sounds, said Siegelman. “Jupiter is basically an ocean of gas.”

This initial observation led Siegelman to co-author a 2022 study published in Nature Physics that analyzed high-resolution infrared images of Jupiter’s cyclones taken by NASA’s Juno spacecraft. The analysis revealed that a type of convection similar to what is seen on Earth helps maintain Jupiter’s storms, which can be thousands of miles wide and last for years.

The 2022 study focused directly on Jupiter’s cyclones, but Siegelman also saw wispy tendrils, known to researchers as filaments, in the spaces between the gassy vortices. These filaments also had earthly analogs, and Siegelman used Juno’s detailed imagery to study whether this similarity to our planet’s oceanic and atmospheric processes was merely skin deep.

Published on June 6 in Nature Physics (LINK TK) and funded by Scripps and the National Science Foundation, Siegelman’s follow-up study finds additional similarities between the processes fueling Jupiter’s cyclones and those acting on Earth. The study shows that the filaments between Jupiter’s cyclones act in concert with convection to promote and sustain the planet’s giant storms. Specifically, Jupiter’s filaments act in ways that resemble what oceanographers and meteorologists call fronts on Earth.

Fronts are often discussed in weather forecasts — cold fronts or storm fronts, for example — but they apply to both gases and liquids. A front is the boundary between gas or liquid masses with different densities due to differences in properties like temperature. In the ocean, fronts can also be due to differences in salinity, which influences the density of seawater along with temperature. A key feature of fronts is that their leading edges feature strong vertical velocities that can create winds or currents.

To try to understand the role of the filaments she could clearly see in between the cyclones on Jupiter in Juno’s images, Siegelman looked at a series of infrared images from Juno. The batch of images were of Jupiter’s north polar region and were taken in 30-second increments.

The fact that the images were in infrared allowed Siegelman and her co-author Patrice Klein of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, and the Ecole Normale Superieure to calculate temperature — bright areas were warmer and dark areas were cooler. On Jupiter, the hotter parts of the atmosphere correspond to thin clouds and the colder parts represent thick cloud cover, blocking more of the heat emanating from Jupiter’s super-heated core. The researchers then tracked the movement of clouds and filaments across the 30 second intervals separating the photographs to calculate horizontal wind speeds.

These two pieces of information allowed Siegelman and Klein to apply methods from ocean and atmospheric science to Jupiter, allowing them to calculate the vertical wind speeds that would correspond to the temperatures and horizontal wind speeds the researchers derived from the images. Once the team calculated the vertical wind speeds, they were able to see that Jupiter’s filaments were indeed behaving like fronts on Earth.

Those vertical wind speeds at the edges of fronts on Jupiter also meant that the fronts were involved in transporting energy in the form of heat from the planet’s hot interior to its upper atmosphere — fueling the giant cyclones. Though convection is the main driver, the fronts account for a quarter of the total kinetic energy powering Jupiter’s cyclones and forty percent of the vertical heat transport.

“These cyclones on Jupiter’s poles have persisted since they were first observed in 2016,” said Siegelman. “These filaments in between the large vortices are relatively small but they are an important mechanism for sustaining the cyclones. It’s fascinating that fronts and convection are present and influential on Earth and Jupiter — it suggests that these processes may also be present on other turbulent fluid bodies in the universe.”

Siegelman also said that Jupiter’s massive scale and Juno’s high-resolution imagery can allow for a clearer visualization of the ways in which smaller-scale phenomena like fronts connect to larger ones like cyclones and the atmosphere at large — connections that are often hard to observe on Earth where they are much smaller and more ephemeral. However, she added, a long-awaited new satellite known to researchers as SWOT, is poised to make these kinds of ocean phenomena vastly easier to observe.

“There is some cosmic beauty in finding out that these physical mechanisms on Earth exist on other far-away planets,” said Siegelman.