Health24.com | How are doctors treating coronavirus while waiting for a cure?

The coronavirus that originated in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 is continuing to spread worldwide. Sources are estimating the total number of infections at around 24 000, but it is hard to establish the exact number with so many new infections.

Currently, there is no vaccine to curb contamination, even though scientists are doing their utmost. There is also currently no specific treatment for the novel coronavirus. In the meantime, however, what are medical practitioners doing when a patient is admitted?

1. Repurposing existing antiviral drugs

According to Prof Stephen Morse from Columbia University’s Mailman School for Public Health, antivirals haven’t been very effective in the past – but the situation is changing.

Antivirals are drugs that reduce the ability of viruses to multiply.

Most viral diseases, with the exception of those caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), are self-limited illnesses that do not require specific antiviral therapy, according to the journal Mayo Clinic Proceedings.

The currently available antiviral drugs target three main groups of viruses: herpes, hepatitis, and influenza. We’ve heard of Tamiflu being administered during the swine flu outbreak in 2009, for example. All of these drugs, with the exception of antivirals for HIV, are made by using the virus’s specific DNA.

In the case of coronavirus, repurposed antivirals manufactured to tackle other viruses are used to treat symptoms, as experts reckon it’s worthwhile trying everything that’s available while waiting for a coronavirus-specific antiviral.

2.  Combining a cocktail of drugs

Instead of waiting for the arrival of a specific “miracle drug”, doctors are looking towards combining drugs to target the different stages of replication of the virus. For example, Thai doctors have recently used a combination of drugs used for flu and HIV with some success, as reported by Health24.

The treatment involves HIV drugs lopinavir and ritonavir, and the flu drug oseltamivir.

3. Trialling new treatments

Based on the above methods, it has been reported that China has kick-started a clinical trial to test a new drug.

The new antiviral, remdesivir, created by pharmaceutical company Gilead, aims to tackle infectious diseases such as Ebola. While the drug has not yet been approved by any drug regulator in the world, the process has been sped up to allow the new drug to be used on coronavirus patients in the absence of an existing specific treatment.

Globally, other attempts to develop therapies for the coronavirus are carrying on. 

4. Using traditional Chinese medicine

The New York Times recently reported that the Chinese government is recommending a traditional Chinese medicine called the Peaceful Palace Bovine Pill. This is made from the gallstone of cattle, buffalo horn, jasmine and pearl.

While the Chinese government recognises the potential of combining drugs and using existing antivirals, they are also looking at remedies that are part of their national heritage.

Cheng Yung-chi, a professor of pharmacology at Yale University School of Medicine commented that it was the correct approach to be used while waiting for a new drug to be developed.

Image credit: iStock

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Aligning Rewards

We had an interesting discussion on a recent Conscious Growth Club coaching call about making sure that the financial rewards of your career path are aligned with the ways you’d like to be rewarded.

For instance, you may want or expect to be rewarded for some of the following:

  • devising a creative solution to a problem
  • successfully completing a project
  • helping a co-worker solve a problem
  • reporting a problem that could cost the company if not solved
  • acting with honor and integrity
  • telling the truth in a difficult situation
  • encouraging and/or mentoring a team member
  • stretching yourself to develop a new skill
  • working hard

But what people are actually rewarded for often includes:

  • keeping your mouth shut and your head down
  • obeying orders without question
  • agreeing with the boss
  • looking busy
  • lying
  • closing sales at any cost
  • successfully hiding how distracted and unproductive you are
  • leaning on team members to cover for you
  • completing trivial tasks
  • generating data that doesn’t help the company achieve any meaningful purpose

Misalignments like these can occur regardless of how much control and independence you have over your work.

When I started my computer games business in 1994, I expected to be rewarded for my creativity, programming skills, work ethic, and for project completion. I went bankrupt waiting for such rewards to come through.

What actually generated income was closing deals with publishers, and those deals introduced dynamics which were misaligned with my expectations. Creativity wasn’t high on the list of what publishers wanted at the time.

Eventually I was able to create better alignment, partly by shifting my expectations and partly by shifting the reward structure of my business. That involved changing my business model. No one really cared about my programming skills but me, but at least I could be rewarded for my creative ideas and execution. The area where I most had to shift my expectations was marketing. In order to succeed with that business, I needed to up-level my marketing skills, and I had to adjust my expectations to account for good marketing as an activity that would be financially rewarded. I also had to note that weak marketing was financially punished.

I ran into similar challenges with my personal development business some years later. My initial income streams rewarded me in mixed ways. When I generated income from ads on the site, I was rewarded for blogging, for traffic growth, and also for selling and optimizing ads. I was okay with the first two, but I wasn’t as fond of being rewarded for people clicking on ads and leaving the site instead of sticking around to read more articles.

I dropped that model in 2008 and explored other models that felt more aligned. My current models, such as doing workshops, offering courses, and hosting Conscious Growth Club, are good at rewarding me for helping people achieve positive transformations. The more people get good results, the better it is for me since this means more repeat business. This also financially incentivizes me to keep creating more and better courses, to design and deliver more workshops, and to keep supporting and improving Conscious Growth Club.

In this case too, however, I also have to adapt to what the real-world situation rewards. Almost any business, including mine, rewards good marketing. I’ve wanted to improve at marketing too, so I’m okay with this. I’ve tried to set things up so as to align my rewards with doing marketing honestly and honorably, and that’s been working well.

When the actual rewards are nicely aligned with the desired behaviors, life and business flow more easily. You can focus on doing the work and getting better at your core skills, and you can expect to be rewarded for this because the business model is aligned with rewarding you for such behaviors.

What can really mess you up is when your business or employment situation has a misaligned reward structure, so you get rewarded for behaviors you’d rather not reinforce, and/or you don’t get rewarded for behaviors where you feel like you really do deserve some acknowledgement.

In this article so far, I’ve mainly focused on the financial rewards since those tend to be the easiest to assess and measure. But we can extend this to other rewards such as how you’re being appreciated.

When I generated income from ads, people would thank me for my articles and how they benefitted from my writing and ideas. They wouldn’t usually thank me for the ads, although some people did when an ad helped them discover something personally useful.

These days I normally get thanked for insights and ideas I share, especially those that help people get results. I get thanked most often for course lessons, for blog articles, and for helping people in Conscious Growth Club. So that’s all pretty well aligned because these are all areas where I’m continuing to invest.

I don’t typically receive appreciation or rewards for all the study, research, and experimentation I do in private, unless I share something beneficial to others along the way. I don’t get rewarded for making mistakes or pursuing false starts, such as partly developing something that never ships. But I do get rewarded down the road for the results that these activities eventually lead to, and that seems adequate for now.

It’s important to keep an eye on sustainability too. I can be rewarded temporarily for overworking, for instance, but then I get punished for it when it catches up with me. I can generate surges of extra income when I want, such as by launching something new, but if I overdo it, then I get punished on the lifestyle side when life becomes nothing but work, work, work all the time.

Take a look at how you’re being financially (and otherwise) rewarded in life and business. How well do these rewards align with your desired behaviors? Are you being incentivized to grow, improve, and execute in the ways you like? Is the current reward structure sculpting your character in ways you like and appreciate? How are you being over-rewarded or under-rewarded?

If you like what you see, great. And if not, then you have an important problem to solve. One option is to re-align your personal priorities, and get with the program. See if you can release resistance to how you’re being rewarded, and agree to let those rewards sculpt your character as they will. So if you’re rewarded for sales, then get aligned with up-leveling your sales skills, and accept that you’re pursuing a path of becoming a better salesperson. Sometimes this is workable while other times it’s just too unpalatable.

Your other option is to change the reward structure. This may involve negotiating with an employer for different terms, switching employers to find a more aligned reward structure, or changing the business model you’re using.

It’s important to be proactive here. You do have options. If you don’t like what the current reward structure is doing to you, then get into a more aligned reward structure, even if you have to design the business model yourself.

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How iron carbenes store energy from sunlight — and why they aren’t better at it

Photosensitizers are molecules that absorb sunlight and pass that energy along to generate electricity or drive chemical reactions. They’re generally based on rare, expensive metals; so the discovery that iron carbenes, with plain old iron at their cores, can do this, too, triggered a wave of research over the past few years. But while ever more efficient iron carbenes are being discovered, scientists need to understand exactly how these molecules work at an atomic level in order to engineer them for top performance.

Now researchers have used an X-ray laser at the Department of Energy’s SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory to watch what happens when light hits an iron carbene. They discovered that it can respond in two competing ways, only one of which allows electrons to flow into the devices or reactions where they’re needed. In this case, the molecule took the energy-producing path about 60% of the time. The team published their results January 31 in Nature Communications.

In a solar cell, an iron carbene attaches to the semiconductor film on the surface of the cell with its iron atom sticking up. Sunlight hits the iron atom and liberates electrons, which flow into the carbene attachments. If they remain on those attachments long enough — 10 trillionths of a second or more — they can then move into the solar cell and boost its efficiency. In chemistry, the energy boost that photosensitizers provide helps drive chemical reactions, but requires even longer residence times for the electrons on the carbene attachments.

To pin down how this works, an international team led by researchers from the Stanford PULSE Institute at SLAC examined samples of iron carbene with X-ray laser pulses from the lab’s Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS). They simultaneously measured two separate signals that reveal how the molecule’s atomic nuclei move and how its electrons travel in and out of the iron-carbene bonds.

The results showed that electrons were stored in the carbene attachments long enough to do useful work about 60% of the time; the rest of the time they returned to the iron atom too soon, accomplishing nothing.

PULSE’s Kelly Gaffney said the long-term goal of this research is to get close to 100 percent of the electrons to stay on carbenes much longer, so the energy from light can be used to drive chemical reactions. To do that, scientists need to find design principles for tailoring iron carbene molecules to carry out particular jobs with maximum efficiency.

Story Source:

Materials provided by DOE/SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory. Original written by Glennda Chui. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.

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Chemical found in drinking water linked to tooth decay in children

Children with higher concentrations of a certain chemical in their blood are more likely to get cavities, according to a new study by West Virginia University School of Dentistry researchers.

Manufactured chemical groups called perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances are universal as a result of extensive manufacturing and use. Although manufacturers no longer use PFAS to make nonstick cookware, carpet, cardboard and other products, they persist in the environment. Scientists have linked them to a range of health problems — from heart disease to high cholesterol — but now R. Constance Wiener and Christopher Waters are exploring how they affect dental health.

They investigated whether higher concentrations of PFAS were associated with greater tooth decay in children. One of them — perfluorodecanoic acid — was linked to dental cavities. Their findings appear in the Journal of Public Health Dentistry.

“Due to the strong chemical bonds of PFAS, it is difficult for them to breakdown, which makes them more likely to be persistent within the environment, especially in drinking water systems,” said Waters, who directs the School of Dentistry’s research labs. “A majority of people may not be aware that they are using water and other products that contain PFAS.”

The 629 children who participated in the study were 3 to 11 years old and were part of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Samples of the children’s blood were analyzed for PFAS in 2013 and 2014. Their tooth decay and other factors — such as their race, their BMI and how often they brushed their teeth — were assessed.

Of the seven PFAS that Wiener and Waters analyzed, perfluorodecanoic acid was the one that correlated with higher levels of tooth decay.

“Perfluorodecanoic acid, in particular, has a long molecular structure and strong chemical bonds; therefore, it remains in the environment longer. As a result, it is more likely to have negative health consequences such as dental caries,” said Dr. Wiener, an associate professor in the Department of Dental Practice and Rural Health.

But how does that influence happen? Wiener and Waters have a hypothesis. According to other research, perfluorodecanoic acid may disrupt the healthy development of enamel, which is what makes teeth hard. That disruption can leave teeth susceptible to decay.

However, when it comes to cavities, scientists haven’t parsed perfluorodecanoic acid’s mechanism of action yet. The topic warrants further investigation.

“While the findings of this study are important, there are some study limitations, and more work is needed to fully understand how this molecule impacts normal tooth formation,” said Fotinos Panagakos, the School of Dentistry’s vice dean for administration and research.

“The good news is that, in our study, about half of the children did not have any measurable amount of PFAS. Perhaps this is due to certain PFAS no longer being made in the US,” Wiener said.

Another piece of good news is that the study reaffirmed the importance of dental hygiene and checkups. Children who brushed once a day or less frequently had significantly higher tooth decay than those who brushed at least twice daily.

Likewise, children who had not been to the dentist within the previous year were twice as likely to have higher rates of tooth decay than kids who hadn’t.

So, even though parents cannot control what is in their children’s drinking water, they can still protect their children’s teeth by fostering thorough, regular brushing and scheduling dental exams.

The School of Dentistry will hold Give Kids a Smile Day on Friday, Feb. 7, at the Pediatric Dentistry Clinic. Dental students will treat more than 100 children for free that day. Each visit includes an exam, a cleaning, a fluoride treatment and — if appropriate — X-rays.

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