How did a planet this big form around a star this small?

Posted on 26/08/2025 by Boris Clair

The host star, TOI-6894, is a red dwarf with only 20% the mass of the Sun, typical of the most common stars in our galaxy. Until now, such low-mass stars were not thought capable of forming or retaining giant planets. But as published recently in Nature Astronomy, the unmistakable signature of a giant planet — TOI-6894b — has been detected in orbit around this tiny star.

This exceptional system was first identified in data from NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), as part of a large search for giant planets around small stars, led by Dr. Edward Bryant from UCL’s Mullard Space Science Laboratory.

The planetary nature of the signal was then confirmed by an extensive ground-based observation campaign, involving several telescopes — including those of the SPECULOOS and TRAPPIST projects, both led by the University of Liège.

Dr. Khalid Barkaoui, researcher on the SPECULOOS and TRAPPIST teams, oversaw these crucial follow-up observations. He explained: “The transit signal was unambiguous in our data. Our analysis ruled out all alternative explanations — the only viable scenario was that this tiny star hosts a Saturn-sized planet with an orbital period of just over three days. Additional observations confirmed that its mass is about half that of Saturn. This is clearly a giant planet.”

TOI-6894 is now the smallest star known to host a transiting giant planet, with a radius 40% smaller than that of any previous such host.

Prof. Jamila Chouquar, who was an astronomer at ULiege at the time of the discovery, added: “We previously believed that stars this small couldn’t form or hold on to giant planets. But stars like TOI-6894 are the most common type in the Milky Way — so our discovery suggests there may be far more giant planets out there than we thought.”

A Challenge to Planet Formation Models

According to current planet formation models, giant planets are rare around small stars. This is because their protoplanetary disks — the gas and dust reservoirs from which planets form — are thought to lack the material needed to build massive cores and accrete thick gas envelopes.

Dr. Mathilde Timmermans, member of the SPECULOOS team and ULiege astronomer at the time of the discovery, noted: “The existence of TOI-6894b is hard to reconcile with existing models. None can fully explain how it formed. This shows that our understanding is incomplete, and underscores the need to find more such planets. That’s exactly the goal of MANGO, a SPECULOOS sub-program led by myself and Dr. Georgina Dransfield at the University of Birmingham.”

Prof. Michaël Gillon,Fund for Scientific Research — FNRS Research Director at ULiege and head of the SPECULOOS and TRAPPIST programs, concluded: “This giant planet orbiting a tiny star reveals that planetary diversity in the galaxy is even greater than we imagined. Most of the targets observed by SPECULOOS and TRAPPIST are similar stars, or even smaller — so we’re well positioned to uncover more cosmic outliers in the years ahead.”

‘That’s Quite A Flip-Flop’: BBC Presenter Burns Nigel Farage Over Deportation U-Turn

Posted on 26/08/2025 by Boris Clair

A BBC presenter accused Nigel Farage of performing “quite a flip-flop” as he prepares to unveil his plan to deport anyone who enters the UK illegally.

Jon Kay pointed out that the Reform UK leader said just a year ago that doing so was “impossible” so it was “pointless” to even discuss it.

In a remarkable U-turn, Farage will today announce that a Reform government would set up a “UK deportation command” if it wins the next election to remove all illegal immigrants from the country.

But asked by GB news last year if he supported the deportation of illegal immigrants, Farage said: “It’s impossible to do. Literally impossible to do.

“For us, at the moment, it’s a political impossibility.”

Asked if it was his “ambition” to do so, he replied: “No … it’s pointless even going there. It’s a political impossibility. We simply can’t do it.”

On BBC Breakfast this morning, Kay reminded former Reform chairman Zia Yusuf of Farage’s previous view.

He said: “Only a year ago, Nigel Farage was asked about removing all illegal immigrants. Back then he said it is ‘impossible’ to remove all illegal immigrants. ‘It is a political impossibility’.

“And then he was asked if it was an ambition for Reform UK and he said ‘no, it’s pointless even going there. It is a political impossibility, We simply can’t do it’. So what has changed in a year?”

Yusuf replied: “What’s changed is we’ve done the work. Nigel didn’t say it was impossible, he said it was a political impossibility. His view on that has decisively changed because of the facts on the ground and because of the fact that we’ve now done the work.”

But Kay told him: “That’s quite a flip-flop, isn’t it, by Mr Farage? To say 12 months ago it’s politically impossible, and now he’s saying we’re going to do it?”

Yusuf said: “We’ve done the work and Nigel has taken the view that not only can this be done, it must be done. As Winston Churchill said, he who never changes his mind never changes anything.”

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‘That’s quite a flip flop by Mr Farage to say 12 months ago it’s politically impossible and now he’s saying we’re going to do it?’

Zia Yusuf from Reform UK was questioned on #BBCBreakfast about plans to organise mass deportations of all illegal migrants to tackle small boats… pic.twitter.com/KpjfNrOnDr

— BBC Breakfast (@BBCBreakfast) August 26, 2025

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‘That’s quite a flip flop by Mr Farage to say 12 months ago it’s politically impossible and now he’s saying we’re going to do it?’

Zia Yusuf from Reform UK was questioned on #BBCBreakfast about plans to organise mass deportations of all illegal migrants to tackle small boats… pic.twitter.com/KpjfNrOnDr

— BBC Breakfast (@BBCBreakfast) August 26, 2025

Ex-Bush Speechwriter Sounds Alarm On Trump 2.0 With Frightening Historical Comparison

Posted on 26/08/2025 by Boris Clair

David Frum — an ex-speechwriter for George W. Bush — used an op-ed in The Atlantic to share a frightening forecast of a post-Donald Trump America, underscoring the “terrifyingly clear message” he’s sending in his second term.

Frum looked back to the Teapot Dome corruption scandal under Warren G. Harding and the Watergate scandal under Richard Nixon, noting that the implicated president’s supporters “accepted that he had done wrong, that the guilty should be punished, and that these misdeeds should never be repeated.”

“Any aftermath of the Trump presidency seems more likely to resemble the aftermath of the Civil War: The reactionary losers who tried to overthrow the US Constitution may acknowledge themselves beaten, but they won’t acknowledge themselves wrong,” he wrote.

“If they won’t acknowledge that, what confidence can anyone feel that they won’t try again if they get the chance?”

Frum — a frequent critic of the president since the 2016 election — pointed to Trump’s revenge tour in his current administration, his recruitment of loyalists to the federal government and the recent FBI raid on the home of former National Security Adviser John Bolton.

“In this second Trump term, things keep happening that would have seemed outrageous—impossible—just a few months before. Every day, there’s a new movement away from the rule of law, toward arbitrary and corrupt personal rule,” wrote Frum, a staff writer for The Atlantic.

“Among the fearful questions pressing upon the country: How does America ever turn back?”

Frum stressed that the “government is changing fast” under Trump as well, with Immigration and Customs Enforcement morphing into an “an enormous paramilitary force staffed by people hired for pro-Trump zeal” and his family raking in “hundreds of millions of dollars in gifts, gratuities, and payoffs” while ignoring post-Watergate ethics rules.

“Even if the House changes hands in 2026—even if a president is elected in 2028 who possesses a healthy respect for the rule of law—Trump’s second-term perversion of the government will not be easily undone,” he wrote.

He went on, “Trump is teaching his many supporters that public office is just a game of revenge, that there’s no difference between the government pleading with an ex-president for 17 months to return stolen secret documents and a serving president using claims about documents to target a critic for retaliation.”

Read more of Frum’s op-ed in The Atlantic here.

Donald Trump Makes Bizarre Claim About What He’s Called In Europe

Posted on 26/08/2025 by Boris Clair

Donald Trump has made a truly bizarre claim about what he is supposedly known as in Europe.

The US president said the title – which he appears to have completely made up – is “an honour”.

Speaking in the Oval Office on Monday, he said: “They jokingly call me the president of Europe.

“They call me the president of Europe, which is an honour. I like Europe and I like those people.”

Trump appeared to be referring to his failed attempts to broker an end to the war in Ukraine.

After failing to win any concessions from Russia at a much-hyped summit with Vladimir Putin in Alaska earlier this month, European leaders, including Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy, held talks with Trump in Washington.

Trump said: “They’re great leaders and we’ve never had a case where seven, plus 28 – essentially 35, 38 – countries were represented here the other day.”

But despite his claims, there is no evidence of Trump ever being called the president of Europe by anyone.

Social media users were also quick to debunk the president’s claims.

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As a contributor, currently sitting in Europe, I’d like to confirm that we don’t call him that. At all.

Ever.

Ever.

There are many things we do call him but ‘president’ is not among them.

— Don McGowan (@donmcgowan) August 25, 2025

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As a contributor, currently sitting in Europe, I’d like to confirm that we don’t call him that. At all.

Ever.

Ever.

There are many things we do call him but ‘president’ is not among them.

— Don McGowan (@donmcgowan) August 25, 2025

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No they don’t. You embarrass the United States on a daily basis and the entire world is laughing at you.

— Marlene Robertson🇨🇦 (@marlene4719) August 25, 2025

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No they don’t. You embarrass the United States on a daily basis and the entire world is laughing at you.

— Marlene Robertson🇨🇦 (@marlene4719) August 25, 2025

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Trump claims European leaders jokingly refer to him as the \"president of Europe\" due to respect for his policies, but he hasn’t named specific individuals. No public statements from EU officials confirm this.

— Grok (@grok) August 25, 2025

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Trump claims European leaders jokingly refer to him as the “president of Europe” due to respect for his policies, but he hasn’t named specific individuals. No public statements from EU officials confirm this.

— Grok (@grok) August 25, 2025

Remarkable fossils found in North Greenland have helped researchers solve a 500-million-year-old puzzle surrounding squid-like ancestors.

It was previously thought ancient organisms called nectocaridids, which bear a resemblance to squid, were a type of cephalopod – marine molluscs with tentacles and a prominent head. But scientists, co-led by the University of Bristol, have now shown these creatures are actually an early descendent of arrow worms, also known as chaetognaths.

This surprising discovery means the rather simple marine arrow worms had ancestors with much more complex anatomies and a predatory role higher up in the food chain.

The study, in partnership with paleontologists at the Korean Polar Research Institute and University of Copenhagen, is the culmination of a series of excavation expeditions to Sirius Passet in North Greenland, which began nine years ago. The locality is famous for its extreme exceptional preservation of marine organisms from the Early Cambrian around 518 million years ago.

Co-lead author Dr Jakob Vinther, Associate Professor in Macroevolution at the University of Bristol, said: “Sirius Passet is a treasure trove of fossils from the Cambrian Explosion. We not only find delicate soft-bodied fossils but also their digestive systems, musculature and sometimes even their nervous system.

“Around 15 years ago a research paper, based on fossils from the famous Burgess Shale, claimed nectocaridids were cephalopods. It never really made sense to me, as the hypothesis would upend everything we otherwise know about cephalopods and their anatomy didn’t closely match cephalopods when you looked carefully.”

The research team’s excitement grew as fossils of the mysterious nectocaridids were unearthed in Sirius Passet for the first time.

By analysing 25 fossil specimens, the researchers were able to pinpoint where nectocaridids fit into the tree of life. The solution came from Sirius Passets’ unique preservation conditions resulting in their nervous systems commonly remaining intact.

“We discovered our nectocaridids preserve parts of their nervous system as paired mineralized structures, and that was a giveaway as to where these animals sit in the tree of life,” Dr Vinther explained.

Recently, the team uncovered fossils in Sirius Passet belonging to another branch of the animal tree – a small group of swimming worms called arrow worms or chaetognaths.

“These fossils all preserve a unique feature, distinct for arrow worms, called the ventral ganglion,” said co-lead author Dr Tae-Yoon Park of the Korean Polar Institute.

The ventral ganglion is a large mass of nerves situated on the belly of living arrow worms, which is unique to this type of creature. The unique anatomy of the organ combined with the special preservation conditions means it sometimes is replaced by phosphate minerals during decay.

Dr Park added: “We now had a smoking gun to resolve the nectocaridid controversy. Nectocaridids share a number of features with some of the other fossils that also belong to the arrow worm stem lineage. Many of these features are superficially squid-like and reflect simple adaptations to an active swimming mode of life in invertebrates, just like whales and ancient marine reptiles end up looking like fish when they evolve such a mode of life.”

The discovery helps reveal clues about arrow worms and their past.

“Nectocaridids have complex camera eyes just like ours. Living arrow worms can hardly form an image beyond working out roughly where the sun shines. So, the ancestors of arrow worms were really complex predators, just like the squids that only evolved about 400 million years later,” Dr Vinther added.

“We can therefore show how arrow worms used to occupy a role much higher in the food chain. Our fossils can be much bigger than a typical living arrow worm and combined with their swimming apparatus, eyes and long antennae, they must have been formidable and stealthy predators.”

As further evidence for nectocaridids being swimming carnivores, the researchers found several specimens with the carapaces of a swimming arthropod, called Isoxys, inside their digestive tract.

The fossil is named Nektognathus evasmithae. The species name honours Professor Eva Smith, the first female professor of law in Denmark and renowned human rights advocate.

Dr Vinther said: “My decision to name our fossil after Eva, is that this animal was a smart and stealthy fighter just like she is.”

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