Covid: Cardiff health board plea for critical care help

Its position has since improved but the health board says it is “extremely busy” due to Covid-19.

Share Button

Secure Attachment and Investment

In psychology there are three general ways to relate to other people, depending on how you interpret and manage emotional risk.

  • You can avoid deep emotional investments in people (avoidant attachment).
  • You can try to control other people (anxious attachment).
  • You can intelligently bond with people and invest in secure relationships (secure attachment).

You can generalize these dispositions to consider how you relate to different areas of life. Are you hiding? Are you over-controlling? Or are you securely investing?

There’s really a spectrum here for different aspects of life and for relating with different types of people, so in practice there are a lot more than just three options.

Your root relationship is your relationship with reality itself. That’s the most important one to get right because it’s the one from which all other relationships flow. All of your relationships are a part of your reality, so if your base relationship with reality is shaky, that will negatively affect all the others. This relationship is so important that I created the full 60-day Submersion course to help you explore, improve, and invest deeply in this core relationship to make it stronger and healthier. Do you feel grounded and secure in this life? That answer needs to be a yes.

Another relationship that’s critical to get right is your relationship with yourself. This is what the 65-lesson Stature course delves into in tremendous detail. It’s the deepest and most thorough self-exploration course that I’m aware of. The purpose is to help you face the full-spectrum truth about yourself and and to develop a healthy and empowering lifelong relationship with all aspects of yourself, including your inner critic, your inner child, and more.

From here you can consider relationships with people and with other aspects of life.

Our next deep dive (for the first quarter of 2021) will be about creative productivity. This new course will help you develop a healthy and secure relationship with your own creative flow. This doesn’t just mean doing creative work like writing or game development. It means managing the creative flow of your entire life as well. What kind of life are you creating? Do you like the direction your life is going? Are you over-steering or under-steering? How can you intelligently manage this flow on each time scale, hour by hour, year by year, and decade by decade, especially with an increasing rate of change?

For many years I’ve enjoyed a secure and healthy relationship with my creative flow, but I didn’t always have that kind of relationship. I had to work through issues like procrastination, selecting projects for the wrong reasons, seeing too many projects die on the vine, feeling too anxious about certain modes of expression (public speaking, being live on camera), overplaying the importance of money, etc.

I continue to invest in improving this relationship, which is really a collection of many different relationships. This year I discovered more depth and nuance in my relationship with creative output through the 365-day blogging challenge. If I wasn’t securely bonded in this relationship, it could have been a difficult year requiring a lot of discipline. But I was exploring a relationship that was already very healthy and positive, so I found the overall experience to be beautiful, warm, and relaxing.

Setting and maintaining healthy boundaries connects with these ideas as well. We can’t deeply invest our time and energy in relationships with everyone and everything. Do you know which relationships you want to deepen and which relationships you’d prefer to avoid? Do you know where you want to plant your social and emotional flag? Is that flag securely planted where you want it to be?

I especially love the depth of exploration that comes from secure bonding, so I can really invest long-term.

One of my personal flags is securely planted in a vegan lifestyle and vegan ethics. I’ve invested almost 24 years of my life in this path, and I want to keep investing for the rest of my life. I love being vegan, and my relationship with veganism keeps growing stronger and deeper. Next year I want to deepen this relationship even more by investing in a full year of a raw foods lifestyle.

I also really enjoy the secure bonding I have in my relationship with Rachelle. Lockdowns and social restrictions seem almost trivial when I get to spend each day with her. I never tire of spending time with her. Day after day I always look forward to even more time with her – hours, days, weeks, months, and years ahead. I love investing in our relationship.

Here’s the key that I struggled with for a long time: the notion of settling. I got stuck for so long by trying to settle for less than I really wanted.

The problem with settling for a partial match is that you don’t feel good enough about the relationship to full invest in it. Some part of you always holds back. The thought of investing may even give you a queasy feeling.

That was me in my first business. I liked many aspects of game development, but I too often felt like I was falling short when it came to contributing, making a difference, and really caring about people as much as I could. There was a certain coldness to the work, and I wanted to invest in more warmth. It was always going to be a partial match for me, so I could never unlock 100% of my desire to invest. Some part of me was always going to have doubts, wondering if maybe I should be doing something else.

My first marriage followed a different trajectory. I did feel very invested in it in the early years, but eventually incompatibilities grew, and it became clear that each of us wanted to invest in different directions. Looking back I do feel good about investing in that relationship while it lasted. I also see that it was best for us to move on when we could no longer truly invest in building a life together going forward.

What I love about my life today is that I feel securely bonded with people and aspects of life with which I’m can really invest long-term.

I can also see where I’m not investing as a sign that I may be dealing with a partial match, in which case the solution isn’t to settle but rather to find a full match where I can really invest.

Share Button

Losing a daughter to cancer during the Covid-19 pandemic

Áine Kearns remembers her “caring, incredibly witty” daughter Anna, 18, who died in August.

Share Button

Covid-19: Tougher Covid rules begin for millions in UK

More areas in England enter tier four, as lockdowns begin in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.

Share Button

How to Commit to a 365-Day Challenge

One way to pick a good 365-day challenge is to think about what would permanently transform your relationship with some aspect of life if you live that one year of your life a bit differently.

Even though you’re just doing some specific action or behavior each day, keeping that up for a full year will change you, often in ways you don’t expect. When you complete even one 365-day challenge, your life will never be the same again. Even if you only do one of these in your entire life, it changes you forever. You won’t be the same person on Day 365 that you were on Day 1. You also won’t be the same person on Day 3650, even if you stopped after 365.

Doing a 365-day exercise challenge in 1997 permanently changed my relationship with exercise. This year’s daily blogging challenge permanently changed my relationship with creative expressiveness and writing from inspiration.

You also gain a lifetime memory that no one can take away from you. If you do anything daily for a year, you’ll always be the person who followed through and didn’t quit. That’s a powerful reference experience you can always lean on in future years. It changes your self-concept.

I’ve only run one marathon in my life, 20 years ago. That one achievement permanently changed my relationship with running, exercise, and my own sense of potential. Every 365-day challenge is at least as transformational.

It takes a pretty strong why to commit to a 365-day challenge and complete it. Knowing that the payoff goes well beyond that year, even if you stop after a year, is good framing to finish the full year. It’s helpful to know that you’ll still be reaping benefits from the exploration 10 years later, 20 years later, and beyond. It’s not just about that one year.

This realization also makes the cost of quitting exceptionally high – too high to even consider once you’ve invested beyond a certain point. One bad decision during one moment of weakness, and you’re killing off decades’ worth of benefits. You’re doling out an extremely harsh punishment on your future self, which is dreadfully cruel – a lifetime of regret, always wondering how your life might be different if only you’d followed through. Even 20 years later, you’ll still look back and regret the moment you quit. So there is no quitting; that just isn’t an option.

I like to frame the challenge in such a way that the pain of quitting is so real to me that there’s no way I’ll ever seriously consider it after I’ve begun – unless I feel that the challenge has become unsafe like there’s a significant health risk from continuing.

I also like to think of a 365-day challenge as a gift to my future self. It’s rooted in compassion, caring, and hopefulness. I want my future self to have an even better life than I do now. I want him to have knowledge and experience that I currently lack. I want him to have amazing memories that I don’t yet possess. I want him to be happier and healthier. I want him to enjoy positive relationships.

This framing goes back 30 years to when I was 19 years old, sitting in jail for a few days after being arrested for a felony. My life was a mess at the time. While I was in that cell, cycling through boredom, fear, and regret, I realized that my future did not have to be like this. I was in that cell because of my past decisions. A long chain of bad decisions going back for about 18 months had led me there. I was just experiencing the consequences of causes that I’d set in motion over an extended period of time. I accepted that I was going to have to deal with the consequences of those old decisions for a while longer and that it wasn’t realistic to expect that I could turn everything around immediately. But I could turn my life around eventually by making different decisions, and that gave me hope.

Regardless of how awful my short-term outlook was, I could always be hopeful about the future if I keep leaning towards decisions that would set up my future self for a better life. So I began making different decisions, starting while in jail, and that really did change my life forever, making each decade better than the one before. I’ve been feeling happier and more appreciative as I age. The alignment between what I want, what I’m capable of, and what I’m experiencing keeps increasing.

The core of a a 365-day challenge is hope. By committing to such a challenge, you are making your hopes and dreams for the future a lot more solid and real. You’re turning hoping into doing, experiencing, enjoying, and appreciation. Always know that when you pick a good 365-day challenge and complete it, you’re going to appreciate that accomplishment for the rest of your life. You’ll be forever grateful to your past self for following through.

Can you tune into this flow of gratitude and appreciation, flowing backwards in time from your future self, streaming into your heart right now? Can you receive the energetic thank you from your future self if you listen for it? Can you also unwrap the please do this within that thank you?

If a 365-day challenge is purely on a mental level, the why isn’t there. Keep working on the framing until it burrows into your timeless soul.

A good challenge chooses me. It courts me. It teases me. It seduces me. Initially I may try to reject it or shake it off, but the idea persists till it persuades me to finally say yes. It takes time for me to fully surrender to the idea. It’s not an immediate yes. It takes a while for all parts of me to get onboard. I may even dance with the idea for years before I finally commit to it.

Before I’m really able to say yes to such a challenge, I reach the point of realizing that I cannot in good conscience say no to it. Another way of stating this is: My heart and spirit always says yes to it before my mind is fully on board. My heart and spirit say, “We have to do this.”

My mind then goes through stages of saying: “No, not this year. It’s too big of a commitment,” then “Maybe there’s a way… those are some nice benefits,” followed by, “Heart and spirit, you guys are evil! Can’t you just let this go? Why does it have to be now?” and finally, “Alright, fuck it! I surrender. I’m in. Let’s do this.”

Technically I’ve already completed my 365-day blogging challenge since I started on December 24, 2019, and 2020 is a 366-day leap year, but I always intended to blog through the end of 2020, and it’s a breezy coast to the December 31st finish line from here.

I’ve never done back-to-back one-year challenges, but I’m going to do that this time with a 365-day raw foods challenge for 2021, starting on January 1st and going through December 31st, 2021. So as one challenge ends, another begins.

This is also in addition to lots of 30-day challenges that I do with other Conscious Growth Club members. We start a new one on the first of each month, each time with a different theme like productivity, fitness, sleep optimization, decluttering, sill building, etc. I don’t do all of those, but I probably do about half of them each year as well.

I remember when I used to see 30-day challenges as a huge deal, like an enormous weight to lift. But once you’ve done a 365-day challenge, the 30 days ones seem so much lighter – no big deal at all.

For 2021 I’m doing a one-year raw foods challenge, meaning that I’m going to make eating raw vegan food my baseline diet for the year. I want to know what it’s like to be a raw foodist for a solid year, experiencing this lifestyle through all four seasons.

I know that my future will be permanently different if I do a one-year deep dive into raw foods. Even if I don’t continue beyond that year, that year will benefit my future self in many other ways. So it’s not a discipline challenge. It’s a gift. The framing of this challenge is rooted in hope and gratitude.

I have less than 4 months left to go in my 40s since I turn 50 in April 2021. My 40s have been the best decade of my life thus far, thanks in large part to personal growth investments made during my 20s and 30s that keep paying dividends (such as going vegan when I was 25 years old and beginning a wonderful relationship with Rachelle when I was 38).

I want the next decade of my life to be my best ever. The setup for this includes planting seeds for better health, relationships, happiness, creative flow, and more while still in my 40s. One of those gifts is to give my future self a cleaner and healthier body and mind who knows what it’s like to be a raw foodist for a solid year. I want my 50s to be the healthiest and most physically, mentally, and emotionally vibrant decade of my life.

I share this much detail, so you can better understand the depth of framing that goes into a 365-day challenge. When you extend the roots of your why deeply enough, you can feel certain that you’re going to finish the year without quitting. And then you can truly experience that year as a gift as you live through it.

Share Button

Covid: Post-exposure antibody protection trialled

The first ten people are jabbed in London as part of a global trial.

Share Button

Covid-19: UK coronavirus deaths pass 70,000

A further 570 deaths are reported on Christmas Day, as confirmed cases rise by 32,725.

Share Button

A Growth Heartset

You may have heard about the difference between a growth mindset and a fixed mindset and how important a growth mindset is for self-development. You may not have considered how important a growth heartset is too.

While a growth mindset is wonderful, it’s not enough. There are plenty of people with growth mindsets who struggle, burn out, and give up. And even when they don’t give up, it’s painful to watch sometimes because they invite struggle, struggle, and more struggle. They keep trying to “earn” happiness and fulfillment, and it keeps eluding them. They may work hard and try hard, but they always look like they desperately need a massage or a vacation… or a vacation full of massages.

What’s going on? Such people may have a growth mindset, but if they lack a growth heartset, they’re very likely to find themselves grinding through year after year of struggle with no end in sight.

A few lists can help clarify this.

A growth mindset includes:

  • opportunity awareness
  • expecting that you’ll keep learning and growing
  • never using “I don’t know how” as an excuse
  • expecting that you’ll gain new skills
  • expecting that you’ll continue to improve your skills and gain new skills
  • expecting to become more capable over time
  • investing in long-term self-development
  • job and career flexibility
  • adaptability to change
  • deliberately challenging yourself
  • setting stretch goals
  • inviting and embracing new experiences
  • willing and able to make new friends and build new relationships
  • maintaining strong personal boundaries (so your boundaries aren’t being violated by. misalignments)
  • learning and bouncing back from failure (resilience)

A fixed mindset includes:

  • opportunity blindness
  • figuring that you’ve already learned most of what you need to know
  • figuring that school is for learning and life after school is for doing
  • identifying with your job or career
  • identifying yourself based on personality attributes
  • identifying yourself based on what you’re good at or not good at and not expecting that to change much over time
  • resisting change
  • expected to earn a pre-determined annual salary (fixed income mindset)
  • feeling stuck with the same social group (fixed social/family mindset)
  • dismissing ideas and opportunities with the “I don’t know how” excuse
  • tolerating boundary violations
  • avoiding failure by not trying

If you’ve been reading my work for a while, it’s very likely that you lean towards a growth mindset. It’s probably obvious why a growth mindset is better for you.

The next two lists, however, can be more polarizing. For some people these will be at least as obvious as the two lists above. For others there may be some surprises that invite self-examination and reassessment, especially the items related to aging.

A growth heartset includes:

  • seeing your biggest fears as invitations to grow and expecting to eventually master what you fear (such as public speaking)
  • expecting to eventually outgrow your major fears, knowing that someday you will no longer feel fear in those situations
  • feeling pleasure and enjoyment from facing fears
  • weaving playfulness, fun, and other positive emotions into your goals
  • shifting away from overly head-based goals that don’t excite you emotionally
  • expecting that your boldest and most courageous years are still ahead of you
  • doing some things just for fun, completely shamelessly
  • expecting to become happier and to have more fun as you age
  • looking forward to your future years with positive anticipation, including your 70s, 80s, and beyond
  • growing in boldness and courage over time
  • expecting to be emotionally stronger and more confident in your later years
  • expecting to set and achieve more ambitious goals as you age
  • taking alignment problems seriously, knowing that you’ll do whatever it takes to solve them
  • being willing to let go of people who aren’t aligned with the direction you want to go and the kind of life you want to have
  • falling more deeply in love with your life with each passing decade
  • expecting your relationships to become more aligned and harmonious
  • expecting to appreciate and enjoy your relationships even more as you age
  • feeling centered, grounded, and at home here (even while alone)
  • speaking your truth and letting your social circle realign as needed
  • feeling inspired and encouraged by people who are further along similar paths (seeing them as allies, not competitors)
  • feeling patient, persistent, hopeful, and determined
  • being willing and able to fully commit yourself to new actions and behaviors, even when you aren’t sure how they’ll turn out
  • investing in a relationship with reality based on deep and abiding trust
  • expecting to trust life even more as you age
  • appreciating vulnerable honesty in yourself and others
  • embracing intelligent risk taking
  • being coachable and willing to ask for help, advice, or coaching
  • wanting and expecting to care even more as you age (about people, animals, life, social issues, etc)
  • deeply enjoying and appreciating your leisure time
  • knowing that your feelings matter tremendously
  • knowing that you can always invite and tune in to the flow of inspiration

A fixed heartset includes:

  • feeling threatened by change
  • avoiding growth experiences that require facing fears
  • expecting that your fears will always be your fears
  • fearing or worrying about aging (dreading getting older)
  • feeling clingy and attached to what you have and not wanting to risk it
  • worrying about financial decline or financial threats
  • complaining about what you don’t want
  • feeling jealous or envious of people who have what you struggle to achieve
  • feeling discouraged, impatient, or frustrated when your goals take longer than you’d like
  • unwillingness to fully commit yourself
  • unwillingness to take emotional risks that could lead to failure or rejection
  • dismissing your feelings as less important than your logical thoughts
  • avoiding commitments that would require a significant emotional risk or emotional investment
  • feeling like you must justify doing “just for fun” activities (such as to your spouse or to colleagues)
  • feeling guilty or unsettled when taking time off
  • setting vague goals like “make more money” or “get healthier” (no real commitment, no emotional investment, also highly ineffective)
  • being too proud, self-sufficient, or timid to seek help, advice, or coaching
  • feeling alienated, disconnected, and alone (and expecting this to continue)
  • feeling that you must hide your true self from the world
  • avoiding actions that could invite criticism
  • staying emotionally aloof or emotionally anxious
  • expecting to retire someday (in terms of reducing your emotional investment in life)
  • never really knowing if you can trust this reality and therefore holding back on your willingness to invest
  • holding back on expressing your feelings
  • surrendering to the “fact” that no one will ever say “I love you” to you and mean it

Which way does your heartset currently lean?

If you know in your mind that you can grow, but your heart isn’t onboard with that, you’ll likely succumb to a lot of struggle and stuck-in-your-headness. You’ll often be pushing against your own emotions instead of enjoying the long-term benefits of strong, positive motivation that helps you flow through life with lightness and fun.

The good news is that you can use that fancy growth mindset of yours to recognize and acknowledge the importance of developing a growth heartset too. You can learn to spot the predictable problems that could throw your life off track, such as fear of aging and lack of commitment, and you can decide to work on improving these aspects. When you begin to grasp the value of emotional alignment, that’s a big step in the right direction.

Share Button

Covid: Sharp rises in infection levels in England, says ONS

London now has the highest percentage of people testing positive in the UK, ONS figures suggest.

Share Button

COVID-19 severity affected by proportion of antibodies targeting crucial viral protein

COVID-19 antibodies preferentially target a different part of the virus in mild cases of COVID-19 than they do in severe cases, and wane significantly within several months of infection, according to a new study by researchers at Stanford Medicine.

The findings identify new links between the course of the disease and a patient’s immune response. They also raise concerns about whether people can be re-infected, whether antibody tests to detect prior infection may underestimate the breadth of the pandemic and whether vaccinations may need to be repeated at regular intervals to maintain a protective immune response.

“This is one of the most comprehensive studies to date of the antibody immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in people across the entire spectrum of disease severity, from asymptomatic to fatal,” said Scott Boyd, MD, PhD, associate professor of pathology. “We assessed multiple time points and sample types, and also analyzed levels of viral RNA in patient nasopharyngeal swabs and blood samples. It’s one of the first big-picture looks at this illness.”

The study found that people with severe COVID-19 have low proportions of antibodies targeting the spike protein used by the virus to enter human cells compared with the number of antibodies targeting proteins of the virus’s inner shell.

Boyd is a senior author of the study, which was published Dec. 7 in Science Immunology. Other senior authors are Benjamin Pinsky, MD, PhD, associate professor of pathology, and Peter Kim, PhD, the Virginia and D. K. Ludwig Professor of Biochemistry. The lead authors are research scientist Katharina Röltgen, PhD; postdoctoral scholars Abigail Powell, PhD, and Oliver Wirz, PhD; and clinical instructor Bryan Stevens, MD.

Virus binds to ACE2 receptor

The researchers studied 254 people with asymptomatic, mild or severe COVID-19 who were identified either through routine testing or occupational health screening at Stanford Health Care or who came to a Stanford Health Care clinic with symptoms of COVID-19. Of the people with symptoms, 25 were treated as outpatients, 42 were hospitalized outside the intensive care unit and 37 were treated in the intensive care unit. Twenty-five people in the study died of the disease.

SARS-CoV-2 binds to human cells via a structure on its surface called the spike protein. This protein binds to a receptor on human cells called ACE2. The binding allows the virus to enter and infect the cell. Once inside, the virus sheds its outer coat to reveal an inner shell encasing its genetic material. Soon, the virus co-opts the cell’s protein-making machinery to churn out more viral particles, which are then released to infect other cells.

Antibodies that recognize and bind to the spike protein block its ability to bind to ACE2, preventing the virus from infecting the cells, whereas antibodies that recognize other viral components are unlikely to prevent viral spread. Current vaccine candidates use portions of the spike protein to stimulate an immune response.

Boyd and his colleagues analyzed the levels of three types of antibodies — IgG, IgM and IgA — and the proportions that targeted the viral spike protein or the virus’s inner shell as the disease progressed and patients either recovered or grew sicker. They also measured the levels of viral genetic material in nasopharyngeal samples and blood from the patients. Finally, they assessed the effectiveness of the antibodies in preventing the spike protein from binding to ACE2 in a laboratory dish.

“Although previous studies have assessed the overall antibody response to infection, we compared the viral proteins targeted by these antibodies,” Boyd said. “We found that the severity of the illness correlates with the ratio of antibodies recognizing domains of the spike protein compared with other nonprotective viral targets. Those people with mild illness tended to have a higher proportion of anti-spike antibodies, and those who died from their disease had more antibodies that recognized other parts of the virus.”

Substantial variability in immune response

The researchers caution, however, that although the study identified trends among a group of patients, there is still substantial variability in the immune response mounted by individual patients, particularly those with severe disease.

“Antibody responses are not likely to be the sole determinant of someone’s outcome,” Boyd said. “Among people with severe disease, some die and some recover. Some of these patients mount a vigorous immune response, and others have a more moderate response. So, there are a lot of other things going on. There are also other branches of the immune system involved. It’s important to note that our results identify correlations but don’t prove causation.”

As in other studies, the researchers found that people with asymptomatic and mild illness had lower levels of antibodies overall than did those with severe disease. After recovery, the levels of IgM and IgA decreased steadily to low or undetectable levels in most patients over a period of about one to four months after symptom onset or estimated infection date, and IgG levels dropped significantly.

“This is quite consistent with what has been seen with other coronaviruses that regularly circulate in our communities to cause the common cold,” Boyd said. “It’s not uncommon for someone to get re-infected within a year or sometimes sooner. It remains to be seen whether the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination is stronger, or persists longer, than that caused by natural infection. It’s quite possible it could be better. But there are a lot of questions that still need to be answered.”

Boyd is a co-chair of the National Cancer Institute’s SeroNet Serological Sciences Network, one of the nation’s largest coordinated research efforts to study the immune response to COVID-19. He is the principal investigator of Center of Excellence in SeroNet at Stanford, which is tackling critical questions about the mechanisms and duration of immunity to SARS-CoV-2.

“For example, if someone has already been infected, should they get the vaccine? If so, how should they be prioritized?” Boyd said. “How can we adapt seroprevalence studies in vaccinated populations? How will immunity from vaccination differ from that caused by natural infection? And how long might a vaccine be protective? These are all very interesting, important questions.”

Other Stanford co-authors of the study are visiting pathology instructor Catherine Hogan, MD; postdoctoral scholars Javaria Najeeb, PhD, and Ana Otrelo-Cardoso, PhD; medical resident Hannah Wang, MD; research scientist Malaya Sahoo, PhD; research professional ChunHong Huang, PhD; research scientist Fumiko Yamamoto; laboratory director Monali Manohar, PhD; senior clinical laboratory scientist Justin Manalac; Tho Pham, MD, clinical assistant professor of pathology; medical fellow Arjun Rustagi, MD, PhD; Angela Rogers, MD, assistant professor of medicine; Nigam Shah, PhD, professor of medicine; Catherine Blish, MD, PhD, associate professor of medicine; Jennifer Cochran, PhD, chair and professor of bioengineering; Theodore Jardetzky, PhD, professor of structural biology; James Zehnder, MD, professor of pathology and of medicine; Taia Wang, MD, PhD, assistant professor of medicine and of microbiology and immunology; senior research scientist Balasubramanian Narasimhan, PhD; pathology instructor Saurabh Gombar, MD, PhD; Robert Tibshirani, PhD, professor of biomedical data science and of statistics; and Kari Nadeau, MD, PhD, professor of medicine and of pediatrics.

The study was supported by the National Institutes of Health (grants RO1AI127877, RO1AI130398, 1U54CA260517, T32AI007502-23, U19AI111825 and UL1TR003142), the Crown Family Foundation, the Stanford Maternal and Child Health Research Institute, the Swiss National Science Foundation, and a Coulter COVID-19 Rapid Response award.

Boyd, Röltgen, Kim and Powell have filed provisional patent applications related to serological tests for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.

Share Button