Enzymes open new path to universal donor blood

The quest to develop universal donor blood has taken a decisive step forward. Researchers at DTU and Lund University have discovered enzymes that, when mixed with red blood cells, are able to remove specific sugars that make up the A and B antigens in the human ABO blood groups. The results have been published in the scientific journal Nature Microbiology.

“For the first time, the new enzyme cocktails not only remove the well-described A and B antigens, but also extended variants previously not recognized as problematic for transfusion safety. We are close to being able to produce universal blood from group B donors, while there is still work to be done to convert the more complex group A blood. Our focus is now to investigate in detail if there are additional obstacles and how we can improve our enzymes to reach the ultimate goal of universal blood production,” says Professor Maher Abou Hachem, who is the study leader at DTU and one of the senior scientists behind the discovery.

He states that the discovery is the result of combining the expertise of DTU researchers in enzymes from the human gut microbiota and Lund University researchers in carbohydrate-based blood groups and transfusion medicine.

High demand for donor blood

Human red blood cells carry specific complex sugars structures (antigens) that define the four ABO blood groups A, B, AB and O. These antigens control compatibility between donors and recipients for safe blood transfusion and organ transplantation. Donor blood is screened for disease markers and the main blood groups. It can then be stored refrigerated for up to 42 days.

The need for donor blood is high due to the elderly making up a larger proportion of the population and more patients undergoing blood-intensive medical procedures. Successfully converting A or B blood types into ABO universal donor blood can markedly reduce the logistics and costs currently associated with storing four different blood types. In addition, the development of universal donor blood will lead to an increased supply of donor blood by reducing the waste of blood approaching its expiry date.

The reason why it is necessary to remove the A and B antigens to create universal donor blood is because they can trigger life-threatening immune reactions when transfused into non-matched recipients.

The concept of using enzymes to generate universal donor blood was introduced more than 40 years ago. Since then, higher efficiency enzymes to remove the A and B antigens were discovered, but researchers are still not able to explain or abolish all immune reactions related to the blood, and therefore these enzymes are still not used in clinical practice.

Enzymes from the gut

The research groups from DTU and Lund University have gone new ways to find enzymes that can remove both the A and B blood antigens and the sugars that block them. The research teams discovered new mixtures of enzymes from the human gut bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila that feeds by breaking down the mucus, which covers the surface of the gut. It turns out that these enzymes are exceptionally efficient, as the complex sugars at the surface of the intestinal mucosa share chemical resemblance with those found at the surface of blood cells.

“What is special about the mucosa is that bacteria, which are able to live on this material, often have tailor-made enzymes to break down mucosal sugar structures, which include blood group ABO antigens. This hypothesis turned out to be correct,” says Maher Abou Hachem.

The researchers in this study tested 24 enzymes, which they used to process hundreds of blood samples.

“Universal blood will create a more efficient utilization of donor blood, and also avoid giving ABO-mismatched transfusions by mistake, which can otherwise lead to potentially fatal consequences in the recipient. When we can create ABO-universal donor blood, we will simplify the logistics of transporting and administering safe blood products, while at the same time minimizing blood waste” says Professor Martin L. Olsson, the leader of the study at Lund University.

The researchers from DTU and Lund University have applied for a patent on the new enzymes and the method for enzyme treatment and expect to make further progress on this in their new joint project over the next three and a half years. If successful, the concept needs to be tested in controlled patient trials before this can be considered for commercial production and clinical use.

The initial research project is funded by the Independent Research Fund Denmark (Technology and Production Sciences, FTP), the Swedish Research Council, ALF grants from the Swedish government and county councils as well as the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation and Research Fund Denmark, Natural Sciences, FNU), while the new continued project is funded by the Novo Nordisk Foundation, Interdisciplinary Synergy Programme.

FACTS:

Donorblood

In Scandinavia, the four main blood types are distributed with approximately 40-45 percent blood type A, the majority of whom are so-called RhD positive and 10-15 percent RhD negative, followed by blood type O with about 40 percent, B with about 10 percent and AB with about 5 percent. Red blood cells from blood group O are the only type that can be used by all receiving patients regardless of ABO type.

Bacterium from the gut

Akkermansia muciniphila is a bacterium found abundantly in the guts of most healthy humans. This bacterium can break down mucus in the gut and produces beneficial compounds such as the short-chain fatty acid propionate, in addition to exerting beneficial effects on body weight and metabolic markers.

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Gemini south reveals origin of unexpected differences in giant binary stars

Using the Gemini South telescope a team of astronomers have confirmed for the first time that differences in binary stars’ composition can originate from chemical variations in the cloud of stellar material from which they formed. The results help explain why stars born from the same molecular cloud can possess different chemical composition and host different planetary systems, as well as pose challenges to current stellar and planet formation models.

It is estimated that up to 85% of stars exist in binary star systems, some even in systems with three or more stars. These stellar pairs are born together out of the same molecular cloud from a shared abundance of chemical building blocks, so astronomers would expect to find that they have nearly identical compositions and planetary systems. However, for many binaries that isn’t the case. While some proposed explanations attribute these dissimilarities to events occurring after the stars evolved, a team of astronomers have confirmed for the first time that they can actually originate from before the stars even began to form.

Led by Carlos Saffe of the Institute of Astronomical, Earth and Space Sciences (ICATE-CONICET) in Argentina, the team used the Gemini South telescope in Chile, one half of the International Gemini Observatory, supported in part by the U.S. National Science Foundation and operated by NSF NOIRLab. With the new, precise Gemini High Resolution Optical SpecTrograph (GHOST) the team studied the different wavelengths of light, or spectra, given off by a pair of giant stars, which revealed significant differences in their chemical make-up. “GHOST’s extremely high-quality spectra offered unprecedented resolution,” said Saffe, “allowing us to measure the stars’ stellar parameters and chemical abundances with the highest possible precision.” These measurements revealed that one star had higher abundances of heavy elements than the other. To disentangle the origin of this discrepancy, the team used a unique approach.

Previous studies have proposed three possible explanations for observed chemical differences between binary stars. Two of them involve processes that would occur well into the stars’ evolution: atomic diffusion, or the settling of chemical elements into gradient layers depending on each star’s temperature and surface gravity; and the engulfment of a small, rocky planet, which would introduce chemical variations in a star’s composition.

The third possible explanation looks back at the beginning of the stars’ formation, suggesting that the differences originate from primordial, or pre-existing, areas of nonuniformity within the molecular cloud. In simpler terms, if the molecular cloud has an uneven distribution of chemical elements, then stars born within that cloud will have different compositions depending on which elements were available at the location where each formed.

So far, studies have concluded that all three explanations are probable; however, these studies focused solely on main-sequence binaries. The ‘main-sequence’ is the stage where a star spends most of its existence, and the majority of stars in the Universe are main-sequence stars, including our Sun. Instead, Saffe and his team observed a binary consisting of two giant stars. These stars possess extremely deep and strongly turbulent external layers, or convective zones. Owing to the properties of these thick convective zones, the team was able to rule out two of the three possible explanations.

The continuous swirling of fluid within the convective zone would make it difficult for material to settle into layers, meaning giant stars are less sensitive to the effects of atomic diffusion — ruling out the first explanation. The thick external layer also means that a planetary engulfment would not change a star’s composition much since the ingested material would rapidly be diluted — ruling out the second explanation. This leaves primordial inhomogeneities within the molecular cloud as the confirmed explanation. “This is the first time astronomers have been able to confirm that differences between binary stars begin at the earliest stages of their formation,” said Saffe.

“Using the precision-measurement capabilities provided by the GHOST instrument, Gemini South is now collecting observations of stars at the end of their lives to reveal the environment in which they were born,” says Martin Still, NSF program director for the International Gemini Observatory. “This gives us the ability to explore how the conditions in which stars form can influence their entire existence over millions or billions of years.”

Three consequences of this study are of particular significance. First, these results offer an explanation for why astronomers see binary stars with such different planetary systems. “Different planetary systems could mean very different planets — rocky, Earth-like, ice giants, gas giants — that orbit their host stars at different distances and where the potential to support life might be very different,” said Saffe.

Second, these results pose a crucial challenge to the concept of chemical tagging — using chemical composition to identify stars that came from the same environment or stellar nursery — by showing that stars with different chemical compositions can still have the same origin.

Finally, observed differences previously attributed to planetary impacts on a star’s surface will need to be reviewed, as they might now be seen as having been there from the very beginning of the star’s life.

“By showing for the first time that primordial differences really are present and responsible for differences between twin stars, we show that star and planet formation could be more complex than initially thought,” said Saffe. “The Universe loves diversity!”

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Ministers seek to overhaul disability benefits system

Disability payments that help with extra living costs could be scrapped in favour of more tailored support.

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Covid inquiry to hear evidence in NI this week

The Covid inquiry comes to Belfast for three weeks to review decisions taken during the pandemic.

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11 Ways Conscious Growth Club Will Expand Your Experiential Range

Conscious Growth Club is our primo online self-development club. It’s been running for 7 years now, so we’ve had plenty of time to evolve and improve it.

The new Year 8 version of CGC is especially rich, abundant, and divergent – so different and unique compared to anything I’ve seen elsewhere in the self-development world.

Instead of focusing primarily on content or coaching, in CGC we prioritize crafting and guiding you through unique growth experiences. You’ll learn more through direct experience than you will by just reading and watching videos. CGC includes a strong content library too, including all of my courses as part of the membership, but I really want to downplay that aspect as the key benefit this year because the experiential side of CGC is likely to be way more beneficial to you, especially with the many upgrades we’ve made for Year 8.

Consider the difference between researching traveling (reading about it, watching YouTube videos, talking to people about it) versus actually embarking on a real trip. Instead of studying self-development in CGC, you’ll be doing the equivalent of taking a self-development trip – in truth multiple kinds of trips spread all throughout the year.

Year 8 in CGC will be our most non-linear one – way more divergent and experiential than ever before. Gone are the regular Focus & Flourish check-in and masterminding calls from Year 7 – that was a solid format, but the intentionality behind it stemmed from a fairly linear model of self development, and the flow of each call became too predictable after a while.

Here are some of the ways CGC can help to fuel your growth with its emphasis on self-discovery through guided experiences.

1. You’ll Surf a Massive Variety of Growth Waves

CGC functions as an experiential wave generator, and you’re free to decide which waves to catch and ride. Week after week in CGC, members are invited into unique personal growth experiences, most of them fairly compact (like a one-hour Zoom call), some of them longer, like a multi-day walkthrough event. There’s a tremendous amount of newness and freshness in each of these experiences and not much predictable repetition.

Whereas a typical coaching program will usually run you through the same type of Zoom call over and over, CGC hits you with many injections of varied growth experiences. We still use Zoom for our group calls, so tech-wise that ought to be very familiar by now. But instead of just one or two formats, in CGC we have a whopping 14 unique call formats. Here’s the list of what you’ll get to experience in Year 8:

  1. Explorers’ Exchange
  2. Intention Infusion
  3. Truth Spark
  4. Good Vibrations
  5. Bear Care
  6. Spirit Spire
  7. Contribution Café
  8. Stature Sculptor
  9. Story Lab
  10. Courage Forge
  11. Pure Imagination
  12. Mystery Mixer
  13. Reflections & Revelations
  14. Alien Popcorn

If you want to see the descriptions for each call format, you’ll find them on the CGC invite page. Alien Popcorn is perhaps the most divergent, whereby we invite psychedelic energies to participate in the calls with us. If you attended the Spirit of Money or the Power of Spirit calls I hosted last Fall, then you’ve already had a glimpse of those types of energies. Was that too much for you, or would you like more of that in your life?

These calls don’t just have different names and formats – they all have different intentions, purposes, and vibes. For each call we create a different kind of energy, and we’ll guide you through different types of growth experiences. This allows you to work on self-development from many different angles, such as boosting your daily motivation, getting more attuned to your spirit self, aligning with your purpose, consciously directing the flow of your life story, upgrading your character, and more. You’ll go way behind basic yin-yang balance here.

We very much appreciate creativity and originality in CGC, so you’ll see that reflected even in the names of our calls and experiences. Would you rather attend a call named “Boundary Management,” or does “Bear Care” sound more fun to you? Would you rather take a boring and derivative course on manifesting, or would you prefer to engage in monthly group intentionality experiments with like-minded people, including picking fun intentional tracers each time and then sharing updates, results, and synchronous experiences with each other all throughout the month? Imagine doing that 12 times each year – real intentional practice with combined group energy. That’s only one small slice of what you’ll be doing in CGC each year.

CGC focuses on the doing and experiencing side of self-development, and we hit it from many different angles with a lot more range than you’re likely to see anywhere else. This is not one of those linear, step-by-step “proven” programs with a fine print disclaimer at the bottom. CGC Year 8 is very non-linear, matching how people actually grow and change. We know it’s foolish to try to promise specific results because that aspect is way too unpredictable, but we can promise to provide you with experiences, and these experiences can stimulate a lot of growth and change if you engage with them.

CGC is designed and intended for people who are mature enough to know that direct, experiential exploration is a powerful way to stimulate growth. But we must also acknowledge and accept that this growth cannot easily be predicted. The gains people make in CGC often come from surprising directions.

There’s something remarkably powerful about engaging with self-development through nonlinear exploration combined with massive variety, instead of trying to over-linearize it, control it, or force it. This approach has many benefits too, particularly in terms of flexibility. It works whether you have clear goals or not, a sense of purpose or not, a plan and schedule or not. It simply meets you where you are and works on you from within, much like a psychedelic does.

How well has trying to push yourself to advance down a straight, compartmentalized path actually worked for you? Is that actually helping you create the kind of life you truly want to experience?

What if you approached self-development with an open-minded explorer’s attitude instead? What if you invited some deeper levels of wisdom and energy – especially some fiery wisdom – to act upon you this year? What if you loosened your grip on the old linear mindset and opened yourself to creating a very different kind of relationship with life? And what if you did that with dozens of other people together – people who are also opening themselves to a new relationship with life? As you’ll soon see if you join us in CGC this year, these changes make a world of difference.

2. You’ll Get Regular Infusions of Heart & Spirit Energy

How easy is it for you to consistently make decisions that feel powerfully heart- and spirit-aligned? Are you fully engaged with your work, your living situation, your relationship partners and friends, and a powerful purpose? Does the flow of money through your life feel nicely aligned, and is it as abundant as you want it to be?

Did your prior investments in self-development help you reach the point of living as a fully self-actualized person? You know there’s so much more to keep exploring and discovering beyond this point, right?

If you’re currently falling short of this standard, worry not, my friend! There’s a community where you can infuse your life with abundant heart and spirit energy. By engaging with such energies regularly, you can keep these priorities top-of-mind and start making better decisions – i.e. decisions that prioritize long-term alignment and harmony over surface gains that eventually drag down your energy and enthusiasm.

This year our CGC theme is Fire Infusion. This represents the vibes of courage, intensity, full engagement, initiative, and boldness. Fire energy directs you to stop tolerating the misaligned and burn it to ashes. It’s a summons to make wiser and more intelligent decisions that serve your whole being harmoniously instead of forcing you to make unbalanced sacrifices. We’re inviting this energy into CGC to play a meaningful role in our unfolding story arcs this year. Do you see this kind of fire energy as playing a role in your life during the next 12 months too? You can still engage with other energies, such as peacefulness and relaxation, so the fire energy isn’t the only energy you can work with. It’s just a question of whether you want to engage with this kind of energy more directly this year. It’s an especially good energy for navigating tricky transitions, making bolder decisions, aligning with a strong purpose, creating positive ripples, and doing character-level and lifestyle upgrades.

Fire energy is inherently fearless. It can help you see what’s on the other side of fear. I can tell we’re going to collectively burn off a lot of fear energy in CGC this year. Do you sense that some fear energy is getting ready to depart this year? Haven’t we all had enough of it? Why don’t we do this together?

You can engage with CGC’s overall thematic vibe of fire infusion, or you can shift into a different mode. You’ll likely experience more oomph into your life when you allow yourself to participate in the group vibe. Then your story and the group’s story can harmonize with each other as we forge ahead together.

We also have quarterly vibes that we focus on as well, so this creates a very rich vibrational arc throughout the year. These are listed on the invite page as well.

3. You’ll Face and Upgrade Your Weak Areas

For the first 6 years of CGC, I often described it as a coaching club. Hundreds of coaching calls later, we graduated from that model to explore other possibilities. This has evolved into a training-based model for Year 8.

The calls and experiences for this CGC year are much more hands-on, so you’ll be directly doing a lot of guided inner work this year in the club.

Growth work like reading, courses, workshops, and coaching will only get you so far. Those are all reasonable ways to get started, but if you really want to advance your character and your life, sooner or later you’ll need to step into the zone of direct, experiential training.

It’s the difference between watching YouTube videos about dancing versus signing up for dance lessons and regularly going dancing. You’ll make some gains from both approaches, but there are some gains that can only be made through direct experience. The second approach is more challenging but also more powerful and effective.

One of the primary self-development benefits we can provide you with in CGC is access to potent and engaging growth experiences with other growth-oriented people. You can start having those experiences this very week if you want. Take advantage of the 7 years of effort we’ve put into building and refining that for you, not to mention 20 years of working in this field in other ways. Even my prior 10 years of experience designing and coding computer games has played a part in crafting CGC’s experiences. I love designing and guiding people through creative and varied growth explorations.

On many, if not most, of our CGC Zoom calls, you’ll be actively training through direct experience. This will surely raise your awareness of some weak areas that are holding you back. CGC is gentle and supportive, but we also focus heavily and character growth and advancement. It’s not for people who’d rather cling to their old excuses.

This Tuesday, April 30th at 11:11 AM, we’ll be having a new Courage Forge call. I’m calling this one “Center of Attention.” Do you have any fears about or resistance to being the center of attention? Great! Let’s burn off that fear and get you past it. Or do you still want to cling to it? Is that you who want to be?

Every call and experience in CGC is by your consent. You always have the option to opt in or opt out of anything you desire. See how much you’re able to take on and experience in one year. Then if you continue in the club for future years, you can keep stretching yourself to advance beyond what you’ve done in the past.

4. You’ll Replace Your Somedays & Maybes with Real Memories

Do you have some items on your “bucket list” that you still haven’t gotten around to experiencing yet? This year in CGC, we’re hosting three different bucket list walkthrough experiences, where we’ll all work on selecting, advancing, and experiencing items from our bucket lists.

It’s entirely possible – I’d say probable – that some CGCers will want to team up and have some of these experiences together. I’ve already been hearing some suggestions from people, such as going on a trip together. I can’t predict which way this will go because it’s an all-new feature we’ve added for Year 8. And since we’re running it three times during the CGC year (September, November, and then again in February 2025), we can use what we learn during each run-through to make it even better in the next year. And of course CGCers can also use the CGC forums and our 24/7 Zoom lounge to help coordinate plans, if they want to sync up their bucket list explorations. I imagine this aspect of Year 8 will be a lot of fun to experience. Rachelle and I will be actively participating as well.

I’m a self-development explorer first; a guide, trainer, and experience designer second. That prioritization is crucial for me since my active and ongoing explorations give me the experiential base for serving others. Continuing to advance my own self-development explorations keeps me feeling super jazzed and enthusiastic about my life and work, and this energy flows into the guidance, training, and experiential side of CGC. I love delving into fresh growth experiences with our members each year. I don’t sit on the sidelines and merely instruct – that approach would just kill my spirit. I need to be in the arena with you.

If you engage with and follow through on this “bucket list adventure” aspect of CGC, you’ll create some beautiful memories this year that you may otherwise never have experienced during your lifetime. Let us help you cross the threshold into the land of real experiential wonders.

5. You’ll Gain a Growth-Oriented Friendship Circle

CGC is a friendly and supportive place inside, and the extended CGC network consists of hundreds of members and still growing. Even if you join for only one year and then leave, you can still consider yourself part of this extended network. As we keep seeing, the friendships people make in CGC can really endure. We often see CGCers and former CGCers traveling together, even getting into relationships together. Recently I just heard from two former members who traveled to seven different cities in India together. How marvelous!

How would you like to explore hands-on growth and training experiences with other growth-oriented people – people that eventually become good friends of yours? Just imagine what it would be like if this was part of your normal day. This has been my reality for many years. And I will tell you that it’s a super motivating way to live.

Do you feel any bolder when you’re in the company of good friends versus when you’re alone? Most people do. When you’re immersed in a field of solid support that you can rely on, it’s normal to start reaching for bigger, bolder, more expansive goals.

Once you fill your friendship network with conscious, growth-oriented people – as opposed to NPC types (non-player characters), you’ll probably never want to go back. Just having this kind of social energy in your life can create such beautiful positive ripples.

Remember that people are energy sources too. What you experience socially isn’t neutral, and you can’t simply override the effects of your current social sphere just by trying to apply more individual intentionality. Your own intentionality field is infused with your social circle’s energy and intentionality too. Joining CGC can really help you upgrade your social field, which harmoniously strengthens and extends your individual energy field. Is the current social energy swirling through your life amplifying and extending your own energy in the directions you want it to flow?

If you aren’t vibing with the people in your life or the social media services you routinely engage with, please don’t ignore their impact. It really does matter. This is more than just social drag – you’re likely experiencing significant levels of intentionality drag as well. That can really slow you down and keep you stuck if you don’t consciously address it. If not by joining CGC, then please get yourself involved with a strong social circle that aligns with your values and desired vibes and experiences, whatever it takes. I assure you that it’s worth the effort, even if it takes decades.

6. You’ll Have a Sanctuary From Social Media Insanity

In CGC you don’t have to deal with the – let’s call it bullshit – that you’ll endure on typical social media platforms. I don’t do Facebook, X, Instagram, etc. because those platforms feel too dreadfully misaligned to me. For the most part, the people I connected with on those platforms were great, but the energy and intentionality behind those platforms was all wrong and corrupted the experience of connecting.

I felt torn leaving such platforms – at first – but I don’t think I’d have invested so much in developing CGC if I’d stuck with the old social media models. I had built up sizable audiences on some platforms, but I decided to trust my inner signals and let them go. I deleted my Twitter account in 2014, labeling it a cesspool back then. What’s it like there now? Given what I’ve heard, it makes me feel so glad I trusted my intuition 10 years ago. I really feel like life tested me by asking: Do you want to cling to the numbers while tolerating the creepy misalignments of those platforms, or do you want to trust your intuition and follow a path with more heart and spirit, not knowing where it will lead yet? I took the second option, which has worked out beautifully.

I don’t miss those old platforms and don’t need them because I’m active in CGC every day instead. My #1 everyday social network consists only of very growth-oriented people. But additionally, we get to socialize on a super clean platform of our own.

Do you feel genuinely motivated and empowered to live your best life when socializing and connecting with people in the spaces controlled by Elon Musk or Mark Zuckerberg?

Musk + Zuck = Muck

Notice the part of you that feels creeped out by those services. There’s a good reason for that. The intentionality behind those platforms isn’t aligned with your highest good. In CGC we don’t have to make that kind of compromise. We’re able to do what’s right.

Think of me as the bear guarding the entrance to CGC that keeps out the bullshit, so you don’t have to deal with it or tolerate it inside the club spaces. Most people will see a friendly teddy bear as they stroll right in. But this bear is very good at sniffing out misaligned intentions, and those with ill intent will encounter a ferocious bear guardian instead.

Trump supporters don’t get to join CGC. We have a strict “no assholes” policy too (and it’s not lost on me that this largely covers the first item as well). CGC’s annual dues are lower this year at $1111, which still ought to be enough to deflect most people who aren’t a match, and which shines as a beacon to very aligned people. This works well, but I keep ferocious bear mode on standby just in case. Honestly I haven’t needed to use it for a few years now.

Within this space, members have tons of freedom to explore whatever interests them. Having meaningful discussions with other smart people is really nice when you don’t have to tolerate any ads, affiliate promos, trolling, manipulative algorithms, hollow AI content, conspiracy theories, general outrage, clickbait, and other nonsense you have to deal with elsewhere.

Inside CGC you have tons of freedom to explore whatever aspects of self-development appeal to you, but this is also a protected space, guarded by some very conscious and alert bear energy. Those who’ve tried to attack or degrade the community inside have all been vanquished by that bear energy. Really they never stood a chance.

I’ve also seen plenty of validation that CGC is the beneficiary of a significant amount of spirit-level protection and assistance, which seems to keep growing stronger each year. I’m not entirely sure how this is all unfolding, but there’s definitely a spirit-level calling aspect to CGC’s creation and existence, especially with respect to protecting it and nurturing it.

If you pause for a moment, close your eyes, and attempt to tune in to CGC’s vibe as if it’s a conscious entity of its own, what do you sense? Are you able to feel a presence or energy form reaching out to you? And if so, does it have anything to communicate to you – verbally, emotionally, energetically, or otherwise? If you’re the kind of person who’s willing to at least try this, I encourage you to do so. I often engage with CGC’s energy through meditation or journaling, such as by asking where it wants to go next. It usually has a lot to say.

I’d even recommend asking CGC’s energy if it thinks you ought to join us this year if you’re open to receiving an answer from it.

7. You’ll Release What You Need to Stop Tolerating

My prediction is that this year in CGC, there’s going to be a lot of purging and releasing, as members who are finally ready to let go of significant misalignments take some big steps forward to do so.

What misaligned energies do you still engage with semi-regularly? What do you sense is getting ready to leave? Is it fear, worry, anxiety, stress, overwhelm, depression, shame, guilt, grief, loss, imbalance, etc?

Some misalignments can be tricky to identify. One of the trickiest patterns for many people is loyalty. Loyalty sounds good, but it creates stuckness more often than not, and it deserves a place on the list with the other misaligned energy patterns, like this … shame, guilt, loyalty…

This kind of tolerance (of the misaligned) isn’t loving or compassionate. Some decisions may have felt reasonably intelligent when you first made them, but if you’re a growth-oriented person, you’ll eventually outgrow the desire to keep experiencing the effects of those old decisions. For growth-oriented people, there are always some old decisions begging to be revisited and upgraded.

Let CGC help you go through this process, holding a space of caring invitation while you identify, thank, and release those old energies that are ready to leave you. CGC can also help you consciously choose and explore the new energies and experiences that call to you, when you’re ready to invite them in and engage with them.

8. You’ll Build a Base of Consistency and Balance

Maintaining a harmonious and balanced life can be very challenging today. How are you doing in this area so far? Are you pleased with the way you balance work, play, exploration, and rest? Is your life abundant in experiences that you savor and appreciate? Does your to-do list feel motivating, inspiring, and harmonious? Do you enjoy a steady and energizing flow of stimulating action and satisfying results? Are you engaging with the types of energies, people, and situations that uplift and fulfill you? Do you feel you’re on the right path with your life?

If you gave yourself a 1-10 score for your overall life balance, what would it be?

Is your answer pleasing to you? Do you want to maintain a similar level of balance for the next 10, 20, 30 years? Remember that you only have power to change in the present – right now.

A healthy minimum standard to reach and maintain here is an 8 out of 10. It’s definitely not the dreaded 7, which is what many people choose when the truth is really much lower. Most people fall well short of this standard though.

How would you like to create long-term balance across all important areas of your life? Training on such fundamentals is a big part of what we do in CGC, and it’s an even more significant part of Year 8 because this new CGC year, we have a special event in July specifically designed to walk you through developing, mapping out, and implementing a fresh new way to manage your time and energy while keeping everything in balance.

One counterintuitive challenge with life balance is that if you focus on balance itself, you’ll likely fail at it. It’s like riding a bicycle – you achieve balance through forward motion. If you sit on the bike without moving forward and try to balance yourself, that’s way harder and unlikely to work.

As you’ll soon discover during the July training event in CGC, there’s a better place to focus your attention if you want to create more harmony and balance. Once you learn and understand it – it’s actually quite simple – you can use it to good effect for the rest of your life.

What balancing on a bike and balancing your life have in common is that in order to balance yourself efficiently and effectively, it’s important to understand the forces at play and how to work with them instead of having them work against you. When people try to balance on a bike from a static position, the force of gravity is working against them, making it very difficult. Same goes for life balance – most people can’t properly balance their lives because they approach this in a way that leaves stronger forces working against them, so it won’t be sustainable.

As with riding a bike, the solution to life balance is technically simple, but it takes some practice to get the hang of it. So we’ll walk you through the approach and help you get started applying it too. I’m really looking forward to this because I expect it will be a lot of fun to go through this together. Living a life that feels nicely balanced is such a daily delight, especially if you’ve endured many years of imbalanced living previously.

When you ride a bike properly, how much do you think about balance? Very little most likely. You’re probably too focused on where you’re going. It’s the same with life balance. Once you have it dialed in, it becomes mostly automatic, and then you can focus more attention on where you’re going.

9. You’ll Strengthen Your Intuition and Self-Trust

A common problem that many growth-oriented people succumb to is premature convergence. You make erroneous, half-hearted decisions. You settle for misaligned paths. In the long run, even seemingly small misalignments can come back to bite you. You may even remember noticing – and probably dismissing – a subtle background sensation that tried to warn you and that didn’t want to settle for the option you chose. That part of you was already sensing that there was a better option wanting to come through, even if you weren’t aware of that option yet… or not patient enough to wait for it.

Lots of people suffer from low intuitive sensitivity these days. They make misaligned decisions, such as taking a job that’s a mismatch for them when a better option was possible, because their inner intuitive guidance is muted, suppressed, and/or under-developed.

Such people often find it difficult to fully trust themselves. They can’t properly sense and lock onto the signals of the correct path for them. Consequently, they may hesitate to make certain decisions, especially big ones. This keeps them stuck for lengthy stretches, at least until they’re ready to begin seriously developing their intuitive sensitivity.

Many people turn to psychedelics to help them advance here. Psychedelic substances can help turn down mental chatter and amplify signals of intuitive knowing. That’s the fast route, often creating breakthroughs in a matter of hours.

A much slower route is to adopt a consistent meditation practice, which can quiet the mind and make it easier to hear those subtler inner signals. This path normally takes a few decades, but it does work.

Another option that I’d put somewhere in the middle is to lighten up your diet, making it plant-based and high in raw foods. If you want to go faster, then all raw, at least for a while (like 6 months minimum). This can be noticeably effective within months, with compounding gains over the course of years. I like to think of raw foods as slow psychedelics. It has always amazed me that when eating all raw, I experience a much greater frequency of synchronicities.

Different foods have such different energy patterns. A good way to understand how different foods will affect your intuitive sensitivity is to consider the intentionality that brought those foods to your plate.

If you want to mute or downgrade the sensitivity of your intuitive senses, that’s readily achieved by eating foods with desensitizing energy patterns like animal products and processed foods. Consider the intentionality behind slaughtering animals for sustenance or making nutritionally compromised “foods.” Notice the swirl of energies infecting those foods: dominance, entitlement, profit, greed, deception, shame, sadness, fear, loss, and even murder. Notice what’s missing there too: caring, health, kindness, honesty, compassion, sustainability, etc. Also notice the difference between narrow-spectrum foods that have had many natural qualities removed versus full-spectrum whole foods. What’s the intentionality behind the shift away from whole foods in their natural states?

Consider what you’re adding to these experiences with your own intentionality too. When you prepare a meal or reach for a snack, pay attention to your intentions in the moment. That matters tremendously.

I especially love eating meals with the intention to feel energized, clean, and alert. I eat a lot of fruit, especially in the morning, because I can do it with the cleanest intentionality. It’s like eating pure sunlight. It’s the least violent because the plant can keep on living after the fruit is harvested. And yet there are still misalignments present, like the treatment of the workers in the process. It’s not 100% pure, but it’s much better than most other foods. It’s a great match for creative work too.

Moreover, these options aren’t mutually exclusive – you can combine them. Meditation and psychedelics and diet upgrades all work very synergistically together. It’s just a matter of how quickly you want to advance and how much it matters to you to develop really strong self-trust and clear intuition. This enables faster, bolder decisions, which in turn speeds up the flow of life – no need to wallow in indecision. You can just keep advancing, almost like a character running and jumping through one of the Matrix movies.

CGC, however, can provide you with yet another option, which is to directly engage with your intuitive senses and train them up. Those senses are particularly attuned to intentionality as well, so if you engage with them with the intention to increase your sensitivity and to connect with your best inner wisdom and knowingness, that can also help you advance. It won’t be as fast as with psychedelics, but it can be much faster than going the decades-long meditation route. This works even better when you combine intentional practice with meditation – and ideally with a very clean diet too.

I’ve invested a lot in increasing my intuitive sensitivity, especially in the past year, and it has served me incredibly well, allowing me to choose options I wouldn’t have otherwise spotted. Keeping these senses strong and crisp is important enough to me that I personally use all of these methods: food choices, meditation, intentional practice, and psychedelics (mainly micro- and mini-dosing). It’s all additive and synergistic.

Are you ever confused about what to do with your life? I encounter a lot of people who seem perpetually stuck in the land of “I don’t know.” I don’t have that problem. I dwell in the land of “I do know,” which is a lot more fun, engaging, and stimulating. There are still plenty of mysteries to engage with, especially regarding timing signals and coordination with others, but it’s really nice having perpetually strong clarity about one’s own path. I’m right where I want to be, going where I want to be going, and experiencing what I want to be experiencing. It’s a very joyful, heart-aligned path. I invite you to explore your own pathway into the land of “I do know” as well, so you can really get into the flow of living your best life.

It’s beautiful what even a modest amount of intuitive sensitivity can do for your life. I haven’t had a job or a boss in 32 years… not since I was 21 years old. I haven’t needed anything like that. I’ve learned how to go with the flow of my best inner knowingness over the years, which brought plenty of great opportunities to my attention and helped me get aligned with them. One example was shutting down my computer games business and getting into self-development blogging back in 2004, a decision other people in my life thought was risky or even foolish. Yet my intuition was plenty loud and clear that it was the right path for me. It clearly was – it’s been such a magical journey and still going strong. Instead of burning out on it, I feel even more excited and aligned with this path today.

CGC is my forever project – a project that will keep evolving and will never be complete. There’s no way I’d have been willing to take on a forever project if I didn’t have really good clarity and trust. As you develop and strengthen your inner senses, you’ll probably find yourself becoming less commitment-phobic. You’ll sense when a long-term commitment is truly right for you.

10. You’ll Learn the Value of Divergent Exploration

Lots and lots of divergent exploration is a big part of CGC’s flow this year.

Have you ever been through other programs that felt over-converged to you? You’re presented with a mostly linear path to follow. That can be comforting and accessible, and it’s a good place for beginners to start, but sooner or later you’ll find yourself feeling disengaged from such an experience because it will fall out of sync with where you want to go.

CGC is extremely flexible. There is no singular linear path through it. As noted previously, it’s very wave-like, experiential, and diverse. You get to decide which experiences to engage with, which helps you build more self-trust and get attuned to your inner guidance instead of leaning on someone else to dictate your flow of discovery. We’ll keep providing the experiences and inviting you into them all throughout the CGC year. You just show up when it feels aligned.

Divergent exploration has some powerful benefits. It can help you connect the dots and discover openings for advancement that you hadn’t noticed before.

Convergent experiences are easier for the mind to trust. Those are the experiences that look good on paper. It’s like watching a preview for a movie that basically shows you the story arc in advance. Then when you watch the movie, it’s rather predictable and formulaic. It’s akin to making small incremental gains in self-development. No major surprises. No big breakthroughs.

Which do you really prefer? Do you like convergent movies that follow predictable patterns, such as the typically well-done but unremarkable Netflix movies? Or do you prefer divergent movies that surprise you and take you on a wild ride?

Take the recent Dune movies, for instance. I know they were well-rated: 83% and 92% from critics via Rotten Tomatoes. I watched Parts 1 and 2. I thought they were well-made and checked all the boxes for what was expected. But I also thought they both pretty much sucked. My physical senses were semi-engaged, but my spirit was saying, “This is shit,” while throwing popcorn at the screen. Did you see those movies? How did you feel about them? Did they inspire you?

By contrast, I loved David Lynch’s version of Dune from 1984. It had many flaws, and he didn’t get final cut, which really pained him in the end. That movie has 37% on Rotten Tomatoes. But I saw sparks of real creative genius in it. I thought it was groundbreaking at the time. I didn’t fully understand it, but it made me want to read the book, which was awesome. Then I watched and rewatched the movie more times over the years, including buying it, and I found it even more incredible. There are some modern movies that I really like too, so this isn’t a question of preferring older version for the sake of them being older. I love movies that seem to keep engaging me long after I’ve seen them. David Lynch’s Dune had that effect on me. The newest remakes felt mostly forgettable.

Do you tend to prefer movies and other experiences that satisfy your expectations or that violate them? For me, and perhaps the answer for you as well, is that it depends on what kind of violation of expectations is occurring and how it impacts me. I can say that it’s disappointing on some level when an experience fully satisfies my expectations with no meaningful violations. If there are no surprises, there’s no growth, and so I’m left with a semi-hollow feeling afterwards. Usually I’d rather take the risk of being surprised because then there’s the potential for a different kind of stimulation that leads to growth.

Rachelle and I are currently rewatching Twin Peaks (a David Lynch series from the early 1990s). We’re a few episodes into season 2 now. It’s one of the most incredible, fun, and engaging shows I’ve ever seen in my life, and it’s very, very divergent. I’ve never seen anything that comes close to Twin Peaks. It’s a true original. While my mind is thinking, “This is really weird,” my spirit is saying, “This is so fucking brilliant. How was he even allowed to make this?”

This type of divergent energy is a big part of my future aspirations for CGC. I want to invite way more creativity into the club this year and beyond. It’s not linear. It’s not predictable. It will make your mind do double-takes sometimes. But your spirit will know that you’re connecting with something truly special that you’re meant to be a part of.

Some of CGC’s divergent surprises won’t do much for you. That’s to be expected. But some are going to land in ways that haunt you, inviting you to process aspects of yourself that are ready to surface.

The over-converged path is Deadsville for me. The coaching-based model we began with back in 2017 is over and done with. Year 7 was a really important transition year, but it still had some anchors to the old convergent energies. This year we’re releasing those anchors and setting sail into a year of abundant divergent exploration together.

If you prefer highly converged, linear modes of learning, then CGC is definitely not for you. If you’re feeling a bit done with that tired, old approach, I invite you to join us for a very divergent kind of year.

11. You’ll Experience the Equivalent of a Yearlong Psychedelic Trip

You don’t have to take any substances because I’ll be doing that for you, and I imagine that some other members will want to partake and help to invite those energies into the club too.

In terms of actual psychedelics, I anticipate personally weaving in at least 4 different ones this year, so that’s going to open up a lot of variety. You might even feel some of this energy already reaching out to you now. Do you feel any unusual sensations as you read this? Hehehe.

The substances serve as doorways and amplifiers, but they aren’t essential. I’ve connected enough with some of these energies that I can connect with their energies without taking any, just by thinking about them. That isn’t uncommon at all in this space.

These energies are hyper-sensitive to intentionality. There’s a BIG difference between using them for recreation and using them for Re-Creation. This year in CGC we’re inviting the latter, although there’s nothing wrong with weaving some fun and playfulness into our intentionality too.

Do you want this to be a powerful year of Re-Creation for you? Think carefully about that because it’s truly a big deal. If you join CGC this year, it won’t be like the experience of previous years because this Re-Creation energy is acting on CGC itself. I can share that it’s already affecting the club as we go through this transition week from Year 7 to Year 8. I can tell you that this is an especially wonky and disorienting time for some Year 7 members who are in the process of deciding if they want to re-up for Year 8. A bunch have already done so, and some have voiced their intention to do so, while others have opted to jump ship at this time – all perfect. And we have new members flowing in and introducing themselves in the club now too, receiving warm welcomes on the inside.

I can feel these swirling energy patterns going through this transition since it affects me too. Part of me is still linked up with the flow of Year 7 while I also feel the strong pull into the different energies of Year 8. Every weeklong transition into a new CGC year feels like a storm of shifting energies to me, which is sometimes difficult to experience. But I know this phase is temporary, and there’s always such an amazing sensation of freshness and wonder when we’re a day or two into that new CGC year. It’s like a feeling of peacefulness, relief, and excitement. I’m so looking forward to reaching that point, this time more than ever, but for now I’m still in the maelstrom of this transition.

I can also share that psychedelic energies were used extensively in designing the “trip” that is CGC Year 8, which is a key reason for so many experiential upgrades. If you join the club this year, you’ll be engaging with these kinds of energies all throughout the year, and let me tell you they can really send your life down some very different paths. These energies are also immensely loving and supportive, but they best support your truest, deepest, highest self – not the layers of self-deception that may have been layered on top of it.

I know this was a lot to read, but hopefully it gave you a lot more clarity, not just about joining or not joining CGC this year but also about your own intentions and path ahead. Whether you decide to join us or to take a different route, please receive my intention for you to have a truly beautiful and wondrous path of growth and happiness this year.

If you want to be a part of CGC Year 8, you know where to find the full invite, and here’s the direct link to the sign-up form. Be sure to decide by the end of May 1st. You’ll get into the club as soon as you join though, so if you do join now, you can get started right away, and we’ll get you into the CGC forums today. Trust yourself.

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Computer scientists unveil novel attacks on cybersecurity

Researchers have found two novel types of attacks that target the conditional branch predictor found in high-end Intel processors, which could be exploited to compromise billions of processors currently in use.

The multi-university and industry research team led by computer scientists at University of California San Diego will present their work at the 2024 ACM ASPLOS Conference that begins tomorrow. The paper, “Pathfinder: High-Resolution Control-Flow Attacks Exploiting the Conditional Branch Predictor,” is based on findings from scientists from UC San Diego, Purdue University, Georgia Tech, the University of North Carolina Chapel Hill and Google.

They discover a unique attack that is the first to target a feature in the branch predictor called the Path History Register, which tracks both branch order and branch addresses. As a result, more information with more precision is exposed than with prior attacks that lacked insight into the exact structure of the branch predictor.

Their research has resulted in Intel and Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) addressing the concerns raised by the researchers and advising users about the security issues. Today, Intel is set to issue a Security Announcement, while AMD will release a Security Bulletin.

In software, frequent branching occurs as programs navigate different paths based on varying data values. The direction of these branches, whether “taken” or “not taken,” provides crucial insights into the executed program data. Given the significant impact of branches on modern processor performance, a crucial optimization known as the “branch predictor” is employed. This predictor anticipates future branch outcomes by referencing past histories stored within prediction tables. Previous attacks have exploited this mechanism by analyzing entries in these tables to discern recent branch tendencies at specific addresses.

In this new study, researchers leverage modern predictors’ utilization of a Path History Register (PHR) to index prediction tables. The PHR records the addresses and precise order of the last 194 taken branches in recent Intel architectures. With innovative techniques for capturing the PHR, the researchers demonstrate the ability to not only capture the most recent outcomes but also every branch outcome in sequential order. Remarkably, they uncover the global ordering of all branches. Despite the PHR typically retaining the most recent 194 branches, the researchers present an advanced technique to recover a significantly longer history.

“We successfully captured sequences of tens of thousands of branches in precise order, utilizing this method to leak secret images during processing by the widely used image library, libjpeg,” said Hosein Yavarzadeh, a UC San Diego Computer Science and Engineering Department PhD student and lead author of the paper.

The researchers also introduce an exceptionally precise Spectre-style poisoning attack, enabling attackers to induce intricate patterns of branch mispredictions within victim code. “This manipulation leads the victim to execute unintended code paths, inadvertently exposing its confidential data,” said UC San Diego computer science Professor Dean Tullsen.

“While prior attacks could misdirect a single branch or the first instance of a branch executed multiple times, we now have such precise control that we could misdirect the 732nd instance of a branch taken thousands of times,” said Tullsen.

The team presents a proof-of-concept where they force an encryption algorithm to transiently exit earlier, resulting in the exposure of reduced-round ciphertext. Through this demonstration, they illustrate the ability to extract the secret AES encryption key.

“Pathfinder can reveal the outcome of almost any branch in almost any victim program, making it the most precise and powerful microarchitectural control-flow extraction attack that we have seen so far,” said Kazem Taram, an assistant professor of computer science at Purdue University and a UC San Diego computer science PhD graduate.

In addition to Dean Tullsen and Hosein Yavarzadeh, other UC San Diego coauthors are. Archit Agarwal and Deian Stefan. Other coauthors include Christina Garman and Kazem Taram, Purdue University; Daniel Moghimi, Google; Daniel Genkin, Georgia Tech; Max Christman and Andrew Kwong, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill.

This work was partially supported by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (FA9550- 20-1-0425); the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (W912CG-23-C-0022 and HR00112390029); the National Science Foundation (CNS-2155235, CNS-1954712, and CAREER CNS-2048262); the Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellowship; and gifts from Intel, Qualcomm, and Cisco.

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Breast cancer rates rising among Canadian women in their 20s, 30s and 40s

Rates of breast cancer in women under the age of 50 are rising in Canada according to a study which showed an increase in breast cancer diagnoses among females in their Twenties, Thirties, and Forties.

Led by Dr. Jean Seely, this study published in the Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal reviewed breast cancer cases over 35 years to shed light on trends in breast cancer detection in Canada.

“Breast cancer in younger women tends to be diagnosed at later stages and is often more aggressive,” said Dr. Seely, Head of Breast Imaging at The Ottawa Hospital and Professor in the Department of Radiology at the University of Ottawa. “It’s alarming to see rising rates among women in their Twenties and Thirties because they are not regularly screened for breast cancer.”

Risk increases with age

Using data from the National Cancer Incidence Reporting System (1984-1991) and the Canadian Cancer Registry (1992-2019) at Statistics Canada, the research team, which included Larry Ellison from Statistics Canada and Dr. Anna Wilkinson, an Associate Professor in the Faculty of Medicine, looked at all women aged 20 to 54 who were diagnosed with breast cancer.

Their findings included:

  • For women in their Twenties, there were 3.9 cases per 100,000 people between 1984 and 1988, compared to 5.7 cases per 100,000 between 2015 and 2019 for a 45.5% increase.
  • For women in their Thirties, there were 37.7 cases per 100,000 people between 1984 and 1988, compared to 42.4 cases per 100,000 between 2015 and 2019 for a 12.5% increase.
  • For women in their Forties, there were 127.8 cases per 100,000 people between 1984 and 1988, compared to 139.4 cases per 100,000 between 2015 and 2019 for a 9.1% increase.

The study’s results show the importance of targeting younger women in breast cancer awareness campaigns and screening programs. Most public health efforts focus on women over 50, but these findings suggest that younger women are increasingly at risk and may benefit from earlier and more frequent screenings.

Personal experience

Chelsea Bland is one of those women.

Hearing about a death from breast cancer at age 33 led Chelsea — then 28 — to conduct her own self-examination, where she discovered a lump. This led to screenings which ultimately led to a breast cancer diagnosis and subsequent treatment. While she is two years cancer free, she remains on hormone therapy today. The entire experience led Chelsea to help establish a local group that provides peer support for younger women — the average ages range between 28 to 40.

“I hope that by bringing awareness to this study it makes people think twice about saying that being in your twenties, thirties and forties is too young to have breast cancer. In my support group, I have heard the same story over and over again,” Chelsea says. “Young women are not being taken seriously after they find a lump because they are told they are too young for breast cancer. This has ultimately led to delays in being diagnosed and being diagnosed at a more advanced stage. We are not too young for this and this is happening to women who do not have any high-risk genetic markers for breast cancer, myself included.”

Improving awareness

The investigators say more research is needed to understand the root cause of rising breast cancer rates among younger women, information that could be used to develop targeted intervention strategies.

“We’re calling for increased awareness among health-care professionals and the public regarding the rising incidence of breast cancer in younger women,” said Dr. Seely, who alongside Dr. Wilkinson have long documented the benefits of early detection with screening for women in their forties. “We need to adapt our strategies and policies to reflect these changing trends, ensuring that all women, regardless of age, have access to the information and resources they need to detect and combat this disease.”

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Study details a common bacterial defense against viral infection

One of the many secrets to bacteria’s success is their ability to defend themselves from viruses, called phages, that infect bacteria and use their cellular machinery to make copies of themselves.

Technological advances have enabled recent identification of the proteins involved in these systems, but scientists are still digging deeper into what those proteins do.

In a new study, a team from The Ohio State University has reported on the molecular assembly of one of the most common anti-phage systems — from the family of proteins called Gabija — that is estimated to be used by at least 8.5%, and up to 18%, of all bacteria species on Earth.

Researchers found that one protein appears to have the power to fend off a phage, but when it binds to a partner protein, the resulting complex is highly adept at snipping the genome of an invading phage to render it unable to replicate.

“We think the two proteins need to form the complex to play a role in phage prevention, but we also believe one protein alone does have some anti-phage function,” said Zhangfei Shen, co-lead author of the study and a postdoctoral scholar in biological chemistry and pharmacology at Ohio State’s College of Medicine. “The full role of the second protein needs to be further studied.”

The findings add to scientific understanding of microorganisms’ evolutionary strategies and could one day be translated into biomedical applications, researchers say.

Shen and co-lead author Xiaoyuan Yang, a PhD student, work in the lab of senior author Tianmin Fu, assistant professor of biological chemistry and pharmacology at Ohio State.

The study was published April 16 in Nature Structural & Molecular Biology.

The two proteins that make up this defense system are called Gabija A and Gabija B, or GajA and GajB for short.

Researchers used cryo-electron microscopy to determine the biochemical structures of GajA and GajB individually and of what is called a supramolecular complex, GajAB, created when the two bind to form a cluster consisting of four molecules from each protein.

In experiments using Bacillus cereus bacteria as a model, researchers observed the activity of the complex in the presence of phages to gain insight into how the defense system works.

Though GajA alone showed signs of activity that could disable a phage’s DNA, the complex it formed with GajB was much more effective at ensuring phages would not be able take over the bacterial cell.

“That’s the mysterious part,” Yang said. “GajA alone is sufficient to cleave the phage nucleus, but it also does form the complex with GajB when we incubate them together. Our hypothesis is that GajA recognizes the phage’s genomic sequence, but GajB enhances that recognition and helps to cut the phage DNA.”

The large size and elongated configuration of the complex made it difficult to get the full picture of GajB’s functional contributions when bound to GajA, Shen said, leaving the team to make some assumptions about protein roles that have yet to be confirmed.

“We only know GajB helps enhance GajA activity, but we don’t yet know how it works because we only see about 50% of it on the complex,” Shen said.

One of their hypotheses is that GajB may influence the concentration level of an energy source, the nucleotide ATP (adenosine triphosphate), in the cellular environment — specifically, by driving ATP down upon detection of the phage’s presence. That would have the dual effect of expanding GajA’s phage DNA-disabling activity and stealing energy that a phage would need to start replicating, Yang said.

There is more to learn about bacterial anti-phage defense systems, but this team has already shown that blocking virus replication isn’t the only weapon in the bacterial arsenal. In a previous study, Fu, Shen, Yang and colleagues described a different defense strategy: bacteria programming their own death rather than letting phages take over a community.

This work was supported by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences.

Additional co-authors are Jiale Xie, Jacelyn Greenwald, Ila Marathe, Qingpeng Lin and Vicki Wysocki of Ohio State, and Wenjun Xie of the University of Florida.

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Researchers introduce new way to study, help prevent landslides

Landslides are one of the most destructive natural disasters on the planet, causing billions of dollars of damage and devastating loss of life every year. By introducing a new paradigm for studying landslide shapes and failure types, a global team of researchers has provided help for those who work to predict landslides and risk evaluations.

Rochester Institute of Technology Ph.D. student Kamal Rana (imaging science) was a lead author on a paper recently published in Nature Communications announcing the research, along with co-author Nishant Malik, assistant professor in RIT’s School of Mathematics and Statistics. Kushanav Bhuyan, from the University of Padova and Machine Intelligence and Slope Stability Laboratory, was also a lead co-author.

Current predictive models rely on databases that do not generally include information on the type of failure of mapped landslides. By using the aerial view and elevation data of landslide sites combined with machine learning, the researchers were able to achieve 80-94 percent accuracy in identifying landslide movements in diverse locations around the world. Specifically, the study introduces a method of examining slides, flows, and fails, finding distinct patterns.

Researchers studied landslides around the world, like the 2008 disaster in Beichuan, China, to develop a new paradigm to understand their movements and failure types.

“Our algorithm is not predicting landslides,” explained Malik. “But the people who are in the business of predicting landslides need to know more information about them, like what caused them and what mechanisms they were.”

Various locations were studied, including Italy, the United States, Denmark, Turkey, and China. The wide array of countries helped confirm the strength of the findings, since they can be successfully utilized in diverse regions and climates.

“It was quite exhilarating when we saw the success numbers,” said Bhuyan. “We got the results, which are really good, but we need to be able to connect this to reality.”

The real-world application of this research has a personal impact for Rana, who is from the Himalayan region of India.

“I have seen so many cases when landslides have occurred,” said Rana. “The roads are blocked for two or three weeks. There is no communication from the cities to the villages. It blocks people from going to their jobs or students going to school.”

The hope is that this deeper understanding of failure movements will help those who work to predict deadly events and enhance the accuracy and reliability of hazard and risk assessment models, which will help save lives and reduce damage.

Along with Rana, Bhuyan, and Malik, co-authors of the paper include Joaquin V. Ferrer, Fabrice Cotton, and Ugur Ozturk from the University of Potsdam, and Filippo Catani from the University of Padova.

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New algorithm cuts through ‘noisy’ data to better predict tipping points

Whether you’re trying to predict a climate catastrophe or mental health crisis, mathematics tells us to look for fluctuations.

Changes in data, from wildlife population to anxiety levels, can be an early warning signal that a system is reaching a critical threshold, known as a tipping point, in which those changes may accelerate or even become irreversible.

But which data points matter most? And which are simply just noise?

A new algorithm developed by University at Buffalo researchers can identify the most predictive data points that a tipping point is near. Detailed in Nature Communications, this theoretical framework uses the power of stochastic differential equations to observe the fluctuation of data points, or nodes, and then determine which should be used to calculate an early warning signal.

Simulations confirmed this method was more accurate at predicting theoretical tipping points than randomly selecting nodes.

“Every node is somewhat noisy — in other words, it changes over time — but some may change earlier and more drastically than others when a tipping point is near. Selecting the right set of nodes may improve the quality of the early warning signal, as well as help us avoid wasting resources observing uninformative nodes,” says the study’s lead author, Naoki Masuda, PhD, professor and director of graduate studies in the UB Department of Mathematics, within the College of Arts and Sciences.

The study was co-authored by Neil Maclaren, a postdoctoral research associate in the Department of Mathematics, and Kazuyuki Aihara, executive director of the International Research Center for Neurointelligence at the University of Tokyo.

The work was supported by the National Science Foundation and the Japan Science and Technology Agency.

Warning signals connected via networks

The algorithm is unique in that it fully incorporates network science into the process. While early warning signals have been applied to ecology and psychology for the last two decades, little research has focused on how those signals are connected within a network, Masuda says.

Consider depression. Recent research has considered it and other mental disorders as a network of symptoms influencing each other by creating feedback loops. A loss of appetite could mean the onset of five other symptoms in the near future, depending on how close those symptoms are on the network.

“As a network scientist, I felt network science could offer a unique or perhaps even improved approach to early warning signals,” Masuda says.

By thoroughly considering systems as networks, researchers found that simply selecting the nodes with highest fluctuations was not the best strategy. That’s because some selected nodes may be too closely related to other selected nodes.

“Even if we combine two nodes with nice early warning signals, we don’t necessarily get a more accurate signal. Sometimes combining a node with a good signal and another node with a mid-quality signal actually gives us a better signal,” Masuda says.

While the team validated the algorithm with numerical simulations, they say it can readily be applied to actual data because it does not require information about the network structure itself; it only requires two different states of the networked system to determine an optimal set of nodes.

“The next steps will be to collaborate with domain experts such as ecologists, climate scientists and medical doctors to further develop and test the algorithm with their empirical data and get insights into their problems,” Masuda says.

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