The fossil comes from the famous “Dueling Dinosaurs” discovery in Montana, which preserved two creatures locked in ancient combat — a Triceratops and a smaller-bodied tyrannosaur. After extensive analysis, scientists have confirmed that the smaller predator was not a juvenile T. rex, but an adult Nanotyrannus lancensis.

“This fossil doesn’t just settle the debate. It flips decades of T. rex research on its head,” says Lindsay Zanno, associate research professor at North Carolina State University and head of paleontology at the North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences. Zanno co-authored the study recently published in Nature.

Evidence Points to a Fully Mature Predator

By studying bone growth rings, spinal fusion, and developmental anatomy, researchers determined that the animal was roughly 20 years old when it died — well into adulthood. Distinct traits, including longer arms, a greater number of teeth, fewer tail vertebrae, and unique skull nerve structures, all appeared early in development and are biologically inconsistent with T. rex.

“For Nanotyrannus to be a juvenile T. rex, it would need to defy everything we know about vertebrate growth,” explains James Napoli, an anatomist at Stony Brook University and co-author of the research. “It’s not just unlikely — it’s impossible.”

The findings carry major implications. For years, scientists relied on Nanotyrannus fossils to understand T. rex growth, behavior, and ecology. This new study reveals that such comparisons were mistaken — those bones belonged to two separate species. It also indicates that several kinds of tyrannosaurs may have lived side by side during the final million years before the asteroid impact that ended the age of dinosaurs.

A Hidden Species Revealed

Zanno and Napoli reviewed more than 200 tyrannosaur fossils during their research. One specimen, long thought to be a teenage T. rex, turned out to differ slightly from Nanotyrannus lancensis. The team designated it a new species, Nanotyrannus lethaeus, referencing the River Lethe from Greek mythology — a fitting tribute to a species “forgotten” for decades.

Recognizing Nanotyrannus as a valid genus reshapes our picture of the late Cretaceous ecosystem. Predator diversity during that time appears to have been far greater than scientists once assumed, suggesting that other small dinosaur species might also have been misclassified.

“This discovery paints a richer, more competitive picture of the last days of the dinosaurs,” says Zanno. “With enormous size, a powerful bite force and stereoscopic vision, T. rex was a formidable predator, but it did not reign uncontested. Darting alongside was Nanotyrannus — a leaner, swifter and more agile hunter.”

The research, published in Nature, was supported by the State of North Carolina, NC State University, the Friends of the North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, and the Dueling Dinosaurs Capital Campaign.

An international research team has uncovered how this massive bat hunts and eats its prey. Their findings, published in Science, reveal an astonishing story of night-time aerial chases, precision attacks, and predation in total darkness.

Each year, billions of songbirds migrate between breeding and wintering grounds. Many travel at night and at high altitudes to avoid daytime predators. Yet flying in darkness comes with its own dangers, as bats rule the night skies.

Riding on the Bats’ Backs

To understand these elusive hunters, scientists effectively “rode along” with Europe’s largest bat — the greater noctule (Nyctalus lasiopterus) — by fitting individuals with tiny “backpacks” containing biologgers developed at Aarhus University. These lightweight devices measured the bats’ altitude, acceleration, movement, and sounds (including their echolocation calls), providing an unprecedented look at their nocturnal hunting strategies more than a kilometer above ground.

The data revealed that the bats soar high into the night sky to find and ambush unsuspecting birds. Unlike insects, birds cannot detect the bats’ ultrasonic calls and only realize the danger moments before being caught.

Their success depends on powerful, low-frequency echolocation calls that can detect birds at long distances. When they close in on a target, the bats unleash rapid bursts of short calls, signaling the final stage of attack.

Daring Dives

Information from the biologgers showed that the bats plunge toward their prey in steep, high-speed dives reminiscent of fighter jets in combat.

In two documented chases, the bats dove for 30 and 176 seconds respectively, flapping harder, tripling their acceleration, and continuously emitting attack calls.

The first bat eventually abandoned its pursuit — birds are agile aerialists too — but the second succeeded after a nearly three-minute chase, capturing a robin near the ground.

Microphones recorded 21 distress calls from the robin, followed by 23 minutes of chewing as the bat flew low, feeding on the wing.

Combined with X-ray and DNA analysis of bird wings found beneath hunting areas, these results confirm what happens next: the bat kills the bird with a bite, removes its wings (likely to reduce drag), and then uses the membrane between its hind legs as a pouch to hold and eat the prey while still airborne.

Wild Maneuvers

“We know that songbirds perform wild evasive maneuvers such as loops and spirals to escape predators like hawks during the day — and they seem to use the same tactics against bats at night. It’s fascinating that bats are not only able to catch them, but also to kill and eat them while flying. A bird like that weighs about half as much as the bat itself — it would be like me catching and eating a 35-kilo animal while jogging,” explains Assistant Professor Laura Stidsholt from the Department of Biology at Aarhus University.

Stidsholt, a lead author of the study, has spent years perfecting biologger technology in bat research, resulting in numerous discoveries. When she completed the data collection and analysis for this project, she was a Postdoc at the Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (Leibniz-IZW) in Berlin.

A 25-Year Hypothesis Confirmed

For decades, scientists suspected that some large bat species prey on small birds during flight. Much of that work originated from Spanish bat expert Carlos Ibáñez and colleagues at the Doñana Biological Station (CSIC) in Seville.

Nearly 25 years ago, Ibáñez found bird feathers in greater noctule droppings and spent years gathering evidence that these bats were indeed bird predators.

His team has closely monitored this elusive forest-dwelling species using “smart” roosts equipped with antennas to detect implanted microchips in the bats. The system tracks movements, stores data, and sends alerts to researchers’ phones in real time.

Despite the evidence, the idea that bats could catch birds midair was met with skepticism, as birds can weigh nearly half as much as the bats themselves.

Filming these hunts proved impossible in the dark. Over the years, researchers experimented with roost cameras, military radar, hot-air balloons with ultrasound recorders, and GPS trackers — struggling to create tools light enough for the bats to carry.

Finally, with new miniature biologgers from Aarhus University — and just as Ibáñez neared retirement — the team succeeded in recording a greater noctule hunting and eating a bird in flight.

Essential for Bat Conservation

For co-author Elena Tena, hearing the recording was both thrilling and sobering:

“While it evokes empathy for the prey, it is part of nature. We knew we had documented something extraordinary. For the team, it confirmed what we had been seeking for so long. I had to listen to it several times to fully grasp what we had recorded.”

Fortunately, these bats pose no threat to songbird populations. The greater noctule is extremely rare and endangered in many regions due to the loss of forest habitats.

Understanding its behavior and ecology is now vital for developing conservation and management strategies that can help protect one of Europe’s most extraordinary nocturnal predators.

Led by Erik Musiek, MD, PhD, the Charlotte & Paul Hagemann Professor of Neurology at WashU Medicine, and first author Jiyeon Lee, PhD, the research team investigated whether blocking a specific circadian clock protein might slow the progression of neurodegeneration. They found that inhibiting the activity of this protein lowered levels of tau, a toxic protein linked to Alzheimer’s pathology, and reduced damage to brain tissue.

REV-ERBα, NAD⁺, and Brain Aging

The circadian protein under investigation, called REV-ERBα, helps regulate the body’s daily rhythms of metabolism and inflammation. While its role in the brain has been less understood, earlier studies in other tissues showed that REV-ERBα influences levels of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺), a molecule vital for metabolism, energy production, and DNA repair. Declining NAD⁺ levels are closely associated with brain aging and neurodegenerative conditions. Many over-the-counter supplements aim to raise NAD⁺ as a strategy to slow aging and promote cellular health.

To test REV-ERBα’s role, the team genetically deleted the protein in two groups of mice: one in which the deletion occurred throughout the body, and another where it was removed only in astrocytes (supportive glial cells that form a major part of the central nervous system). In both cases, NAD⁺ levels rose significantly. The results suggest that eliminating REV-ERBα in astrocytes directly boosts NAD⁺ in the brain, pointing to a potential path for future treatments targeting neurodegeneration.

Drug Treatment Protects Against Tau Pathology

In a further experiment, the researchers blocked REV-ERBα using both genetic methods and a new drug that has also shown promise in studies of amyloid-β and Parkinson’s disease. This approach increased NAD⁺ levels and shielded the mice from tau-related brain damage. Tau aggregates are known to disrupt brain function and drive neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s.

The findings suggest that manipulating the body’s internal clock — specifically by inhibiting REV-ERBα — could represent a new way to protect the brain, prevent tau buildup, and potentially slow or halt the progression of Alzheimer’s disease.

According to the study, athletes had an average heart rate of 68 beats per minute (bpm), while non-athletes averaged 76 bpm. Over a 24-hour period, this equals roughly 97,920 beats for athletes compared to 109,440 for non-athletes — about 10 percent fewer.

“That’s an incredible saving of about 11,500 beats a day,” says Professor La Gerche, head of the HEART Laboratory supported by the St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research (SVI) and the Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute (VCCRI).

He adds, “Even though athletes’ hearts work harder during exercise, their lower resting rates more than make up for it.”

Exercise Efficiency and Heart Health

The study, published in JACC: Advances, found that the most physically fit individuals had resting heart rates as low as 40 bpm, compared to the typical 70-80 bpm range. This means that, despite higher peaks during training, athletes still end up with fewer total beats across the day than those who are inactive.

These results challenge a long-held belief, once repeated by US President Donald Trump, that the human body is like a battery with a limited energy supply and that exercise only depletes it.

“The fitter you are, the more metabolically efficient your body becomes,” Professor La Gerche explains. “Even if you’re training hard for an hour a day, your heart beats more slowly for the other 23 hours. The net effect is fewer beats used overall.”

A slower resting heart rate is not only a sign of good physical condition but also a strong indicator of long-term health. Increasing physical activity, when done safely, can enhance heart performance and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.

“Exercise is strongly linked with improved mental health, longer lifespan and lower rates of heart disease,” Professor La Gerche says.

Moderate Exercise Delivers the Biggest Benefits

Although extreme endurance events such as the Tour de France can cause temporary increases in daily heartbeats, Professor La Gerche notes that the health benefits of consistent, moderate exercise far outweigh any risks.

“The biggest bang for your health buck is going from unfit to moderately fit. Just a few hours of purposeful exercise each week can transform your heart’s efficiency and help make every beat count. It may even extend your life by years,” he says.

About the HEART Lab

Professor La Gerche leads the Heart, Exercise & Research Trials (HEART) Lab, which investigates how exercise influences heart health, in partnership with SVI and VCCRI. By studying elite athletes, the team uncovers findings that reach well beyond sports performance, offering valuable insights for people living with serious heart conditions.