The unusual golden mass, discovered at a depth of 3,250 meters (over 2 miles) in the Gulf of Alaska, turned out to be the remains of dead tissue from a giant deep-sea anemone called Relicanthus daphneae. Specifically, it was part of the anemone’s base, which anchors the animal to rocky surfaces on the seafloor.

During NOAA Ocean Exploration missions aboard NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer, encountering unfamiliar organisms is not unusual. In many cases, scientists can quickly identify these finds by sharing knowledge and collaborating. However, some discoveries resist easy answers, and the “golden orb” became one of those rare, lingering mysteries.

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Discovery in the Gulf of Alaska

In 2023, the remotely operated vehicle Deep Discoverer (launched from Okeanos Explorer) was exploring more than 2 miles below the surface in the Gulf of Alaska when it spotted something unusual. Resting on a rock was a rounded, golden object with a small opening, unlike anything the team had seen before.

The discovery raised immediate questions. Could it be an egg case, a sponge, or something entirely new? Some even wondered whether a creature had entered or exited through the opening. The unusual appearance sparked widespread curiosity and speculation.

To investigate further, the team carefully collected the object using a suction sampler and sent it to the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (NMNH) for detailed study.

A Complex Investigation Using DNA and Microscopy

Solving the mystery of the “golden orb” took years of careful analysis. Unlike more straightforward identifications, this case required multiple scientific approaches and specialized expertise.

“We work on hundreds of different samples and I suspected that our routine processes would clarify the mystery,” explains Allen Collins, Ph.D, zoologist and director of NOAA Fisheries’ National Systematics Laboratory, which is physically located within the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. “But this turned into a special case that required focused efforts and expertise of several different individuals. This was a complex mystery that required morphological, genetic, deep-sea and bioinformatics expertise to solve.”

Researchers from NOAA Fisheries and the Smithsonian used an integrative taxonomic approach, combining physical examination with genetic testing. Early analysis showed that the object did not have typical animal features. Instead, it consisted of fibrous layers packed with cnidocytes (stinging cells), indicating it likely belonged to a cnidarian, the group that includes corals and anemones.

Further study by National Systematics Lab scientist Abigail Reft identified the cells as spirocysts, which are unique to the Hexacorallia subgroup of cnidarians. Scientists also compared the specimen to a similar object collected in 2021 during an expedition aboard Schmidt Ocean Institute’s Research Vessel Falkor, finding matching cellular structures.

Genetic Evidence Confirms the Answer

Initial DNA barcoding attempts did not provide clear results, possibly because the sample contained genetic material from other microscopic organisms. To get a more definitive answer, the team turned to whole-genome sequencing.

This deeper analysis confirmed the presence of animal DNA and revealed a strong genetic match to the giant deep-sea anemone Relicanthus daphneae. Sequencing of mitochondrial genomes from both specimens showed they were nearly identical to a known reference genome for this species.

What the Golden Orb Really Was

With all the evidence combined, scientists concluded that the “golden orb” was not an egg, sponge, or unknown organism. It was a leftover structure from a deep-sea anemone, specifically the base that once attached the animal to the seafloor.

Although this discovery answers the question of the orb’s identity, it also highlights how much remains unknown about life in the deep ocean.

The Deep Ocean Still Holds Many Mysteries

“So often in deep ocean exploration, we find these captivating mysteries, like the ‘golden orb’. With advanced techniques like DNA sequencing, we are able to solve more and more of them,” said CAPT William Mowitt, acting director of NOAA Ocean Exploration. “This is why we keep exploring — to unlock the secrets of the deep and better understand how the ocean and its resources can drive economic growth, strengthen our national security, and sustain our planet.”

Even with this mystery solved, scientists emphasize that the deep sea continues to be one of the least understood environments on Earth, filled with discoveries still waiting to be made.

The study, published in The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer’s Disease, was conducted by researchers at the Rutgers Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research. It explored a range of factors that could either raise or reduce the risk of cognitive decline in Chinese adults over age 60.

This group was selected in part because older Chinese Americans have often been overlooked in research on brain aging, leaving important gaps in understanding how memory loss develops in this population.

“With the number of older Asian Americans growing significantly, it’s vital to better understand the risk factors of memory decline in this understudied population,” said Michelle Chen, a core member of the Center for Healthy Aging Research at Rutgers and the study’s lead author.

Cultural Pressures and Hidden Emotional Strain

The researchers noted that cultural expectations may play a role in shaping mental health outcomes. The model minority stereotype — which portrays Asian Americans as consistently successful, educated and healthy — can create added pressure while also masking emotional struggles.

At the same time, many older immigrants face challenges such as language barriers and cultural differences, which can contribute to ongoing stress. While these issues are not unique to Asian Americans, the researchers say they may be particularly relevant in this context.

“Stress and hopelessness may go unnoticed in aging populations, yet they play a critical role in how the brain ages,” said Chen, who is also an assistant professor of neurology at Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School. “Because these feelings are modifiable, our goal is for this research to inform culturally sensitive stress-reduction interventions to mitigate these feelings in older adults.”

Large Study Tracks Memory Changes Over Time

To better understand these effects, the team analyzed data from the Population Study of ChINese Elderly (PINE), the largest community-based cohort study focused on older Chinese Americans. The dataset included interviews conducted from 2011 to 2017 with more than 1,500 participants living in the Chicago area.

The researchers examined three key sociobehavioral factors: stress internalization, neighborhood or community cohesion and external stress alleviation.

Key Finding Points to Internalized Stress

Among these factors, internalized stress stood out. This form of stress includes feelings of hopelessness and a tendency to absorb stressful experiences rather than express or resolve them. It was strongly linked to worsening memory across three waves of the PINE study.

In contrast, the other factors did not show a significant connection to changes in memory over time.

Implications for Prevention and Support

Because internalized stress can potentially be addressed, the findings suggest an opportunity to develop targeted strategies that support emotional well-being and cognitive health in older adults. The researchers emphasize the importance of culturally sensitive approaches that take into account the unique experiences of aging immigrant populations.

The study was supported by the Rutgers-NYU Resource Center for Alzheimer’s and Dementia Research in Asian and Pacific Americans, co-led by William Hu of Rutgers Institute for Health and Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School. Coauthors include Yiming Ma, Charu Verma, Stephanie Bergren and William Hu of Rutgers Institute for Health.

A recent study published in the Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics (JCAP) highlights this idea. A group of undergraduate students from the University of Hamburg designed and built a cavity detector to search for axions, which are among the leading candidates for dark matter. Despite working with limited resources, they were able to establish new experimental limits on axion properties, demonstrating that smaller experiments can still advance one of physics’ biggest unresolved problems.

Student Funding and Institutional Support

The project was funded through a student research grant from the University of Hamburg, provided by the Hub for Crossdisciplinary Learning. This program supports independent research projects led by students.

“We were kind of embedded in the research group of the MADMAX dark matter experiment,” explains Nabil Salama, one of the study’s authors and a current M.Sc. student in Physics at the University of Hamburg. “MADMAX carries out a similar experiment on a much larger and more complex scale, and we benefited from their expertise and support.”

“We are very grateful for this help,” he adds, “and also to the University of Hamburg and the Quantum Universe Cluster of Excellence, which provided funding, access to key equipment such as the magnet, and invaluable support from researchers.”

Building a Simple Detector to Search for Axions

“The benefit of working with dark matter, or axions, is that we expect it to be present everywhere in our galaxy,” says Agit Akgümüs, the study’s first author, who is pursuing an M.Sc. in Mathematical Physics at the University of Hamburg. “So essentially, no matter where you perform the experiment, you have some dark matter on your hand you can do experiments with.”

Using their funding, the team assembled a compact experimental setup centered on a resonant cavity made from highly conductive materials. They also integrated the required electronics, cabling, structural supports, and measurement tools.

“The detector we built is essentially the simplest version of a cavity detector for dark matter,” says Salama.

The students did not begin entirely from scratch. They made use of existing facilities, equipment, and guidance provided by the university and collaborating research groups. After construction, the system was carefully tested, calibrated, and operated to collect data.

“We reduced very complex experiments to their essential components,” says Salama. “The result is a less sensitive setup, limited to a small search window, but still capable of producing new scientific data.”

No Detection, but Important New Constraints

“The search for axions involves exploring a wide range of possible parameters,” adds Akgümüs. “Our experiment covers only a small region, with limited sensitivity, but it still helps narrow down the possibilities. To actually find the particle, we need either much larger experiments or many different ones, each probing a specific region.”

After completing their data collection, the team did not detect any signal that could be attributed to axions. However, this outcome still carries scientific value. It allows researchers to rule out the existence of axions with certain characteristics within the tested mass range, especially those that would interact more strongly with photons. By excluding these possibilities, the study helps refine the search and guide future experiments.

A Model for Scalable Dark Matter Experiments

“I think the point of our experiment is that things can be done on a smaller scale,” says Salama. Akgümüs adds: “Our results are naturally more limited than those of larger experiments. Performance scales with resources and complexity. However, we have shown that it is possible to reduce these setups to a much smaller scale — even to projects developed almost independently by students — while still producing real scientific data.”

During peer review, one referee made an especially notable observation, Salama recalls. The referee suggested that once the axion is discovered and its properties — especially its mass — are known, experiments like this could become much more accessible and might even be used in teaching laboratories.

“We were told that setups like ours could one day become standard student lab experiments,” says Salama. “In a way, we may have anticipated that future, showing that it is already possible to build and operate such an experiment on a small scale.”

The results also show that variety itself matters. People who participate in different types of physical activity tend to have a lower risk of death regardless of how much total exercise they do. Still, the researchers emphasize that staying active overall remains important.

Why Exercise Variety Matters

Physical activity has long been linked to better physical and mental health, along with a reduced risk of death. However, it has been less clear whether certain types of exercise offer unique advantages, or whether mixing activities provides additional benefits beyond total volume.

To investigate this, researchers analyzed data from two major long-term studies: the Nurses’ Health Study (121,700 female participants) and the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (51,529 male participants). These studies tracked participants for more than 30 years, with regular updates on lifestyle, health history, and exercise habits collected every 2 years through questionnaires.

Decades of Data on Movement and Lifestyle

Participants reported a wide range of physical activities over time. Since 1986, this included walking, jogging, running, cycling (including stationary machines), lap swimming, rowing or callisthenics, tennis and squash or racquetball.

Later surveys added more detail, covering weight training or resistance exercise; lower intensity exercise, such as yoga, stretching, and toning; vigorous tasks like lawn mowing; moderate outdoor work such as maintenance and gardening; and heavy outdoor work like digging and chopping.

Participants also reported how many flights of stairs they climbed daily, based on the estimate that each flight takes 8 seconds to ascend.

The analysis included 111,467 participants for total physical activity and 111,373 participants for activity variety. To measure activity levels, researchers used MET scores, calculated by multiplying the average time spent on each activity (in hours/week) by its MET value. METs indicate how much more energy an activity uses compared to resting.

Activity Levels, Habits, and Health Profiles

Across both groups, individuals could report up to 11 or 13 different activities depending on the study. Walking was the most common form of leisure exercise, while men were more likely than women to jog or run.

People who reported higher overall activity levels were generally healthier. They were less likely to smoke or have high blood pressure or high cholesterol. They also tended to have a lower body weight (lower BMI), eat healthier diets, drink alcohol, maintain stronger social connections, and take part in a wider range of activities.

Exercise and Risk of Death Over 30 Years

During more than three decades of follow-up, 38,847 participants died, including 9901 from cardiovascular disease, 10,719 from cancer, and 3,159 from respiratory disease.

Higher levels of physical activity, along with most individual types of exercise except swimming, were linked to a lower risk of death from any cause. However, the relationship was not linear. The benefits of total activity appeared to level off after about 20 weekly MET hours, suggesting there may be a point beyond which additional activity provides less added benefit.

Which Activities Were Linked to Lower Risk

Walking showed one of the strongest associations, with those who walked the most having a 17% lower risk of death compared with those who walked the least. Climbing stairs was linked to a 10% lower risk.

Other activities were also associated with reduced risk when comparing the least active to the most active participants. Tennis, squash, or racquetball were linked to a 15% lower risk. Rowing or callisthenics showed a 14% reduction. Weight training or resistance exercises and running were each linked to a 13% lower risk. Jogging was associated with an 11% reduction, while cycling showed a smaller 4% decrease.

The Added Benefit of Exercise Variety

Engaging in a wider range of activities was linked to even greater benefits. After accounting for total exercise levels, participants who performed the most diverse set of activities had a 19% lower risk of death from all causes.

They also showed a 13-41% lower risk of death from cardiovascular disease, cancer, respiratory disease, and other causes compared with those who engaged in fewer types of activity.

Study Limitations and What It Means

This research is observational, which means it cannot prove cause and effect. The researchers also point out several limitations. Physical activity was self-reported rather than directly measured, which may affect accuracy.

In addition, MET scores were calculated under the assumption that participants were fully engaged in each activity, and the lack of detailed information on intensity could have led to some misclassification of energy use. The study population was also mostly White, which may limit how widely the findings apply.

Even so, the researchers conclude: “Overall, these data support the notion that long term engagement in multiple types of physical activity may help extend the lifespan.”