Artificial intelligence outperforms clinical tests at predicting progress of Alzheimer’s disease

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Cambridge scientists have developed an artificially-intelligent tool capable of predicting in four cases out of five whether people with early signs of dementia will remain stable or develop Alzheimer’s disease.

The team say this new approach could reduce the need for invasive and costly diagnostic tests while improving treatment outcomes early when interventions such as lifestyle changes or new medicines may have a chance to work best.

Dementia poses a significant global healthcare challenge, affecting over 55 million people worldwide at an estimated annual cost of $820 billion. The number of cases is expected to almost treble over the next 50 years.

The main cause of dementia is Alzheimer’s disease, which accounts for 60-80% of cases. Early detection is crucial as this is when treatments are likely to be most effective, yet early dementia diagnosis and prognosis may not be accurate without the use of invasive or expensive tests such as positron emission tomography (PET) scans or lumbar puncture, which are not available in all memory clinics. As a result, up to a third of patients may be misdiagnosed and others diagnosed too late for treatment to be effective.

A team led by scientists from the Department of Psychology at the University of Cambridge has developed a machine learning model able to predict whether and how fast an individual with mild memory and thinking problems will progress to developing Alzheimer’s disease. In research published today in eClinical Medicine, they show that it is more accurate than current clinical diagnostic tools.

To build their model, the researchers used routinely-collected, non-invasive, and low-cost patient data — cognitive tests and structural MRI scans showing grey matter atrophy — from over 400 individuals who were part of a research cohort in the USA.

They then tested the model using real-world patient data from a further 600 participants from the US cohort and — importantly — longitudinal data from 900 people from memory clinics in the UK and Singapore.

The algorithm was able to distinguish between people with stable mild cognitive impairment and those who progressed to Alzheimer’s disease within a three-year period. It was able to correctly identify individuals who went on to develop Alzheimer’s in 82% of cases and correctly identify those who didn’t in 81% of cases from cognitive tests and an MRI scan alone.

The algorithm was around three times more accurate at predicting the progression to Alzheimer’s than the current standard of care; that is, standard clinical markers (such as grey matter atrophy or cognitive scores) or clinical diagnosis. This shows that the model could significantly reduce misdiagnosis.

The model also allowed the researchers to stratify people with Alzheimer’s disease using data from each person’s first visit at the memory clinic into three groups: those whose symptoms would remain stable (around 50% of participants), those who would progress to Alzheimer’s slowly (around 35%) and those who would progress more rapidly (the remaining 15%). These predictions were validated when looking at follow-up data over 6 years. This is important as it could help identify those people at an early enough stage that they may benefit from new treatments, while also identifying those people who need close monitoring as their condition is likely to deteriorate rapidly.

Importantly, those 50% of people who have symptoms such as memory loss but remain stable, would be better directed to a different clinical pathway as their symptoms may be due to other causes rather than dementia, such as anxiety or depression.

Senior author Professor Zoe Kourtzi from the Department of Psychology at the University of Cambridge said: “We’ve created a tool which, despite using only data from cognitive tests and MRI scans, is much more sensitive than current approaches at predicting whether someone will progress from mild symptoms to Alzheimer’s — and if so, whether this progress will be fast or slow.

“This has the potential to significantly improve patient wellbeing, showing us which people need closest care, while removing the anxiety for those patients we predict will remain stable. At a time of intense pressure on healthcare resources, this will also help remove the need for unnecessary invasive and costly diagnostic tests.”

While the researchers tested the algorithm on data from a research cohort, it was validated using independent data that included almost 900 individuals who attended memory clinics in the UK and Singapore. In the UK, patients were recruited through the Quantiative MRI in NHS Memory Clinics Study (QMIN-MC) led by study co-author Dr Timothy Rittman at Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust and Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trusts (CPFT).

The researchers say this shows it should be applicable in a real-world patient, clinical setting.

Dr Ben Underwood, Honorary Consultant Psychiatrist at CPFT and assistant professor at the Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, said: “Memory problems are common as we get older. In clinic I see how uncertainty about whether these might be the first signs of dementia can cause a lot of worry for people and their families, as well as being frustrating for doctors who would much prefer to give definitive answers. The fact that we might be able to reduce this uncertainty with information we already have is exciting and is likely to become even more important as new treatments emerge.”

Professor Kourtzi said: “AI models are only as good as the data they are trained on. To make sure ours has the potential to be adopted in a healthcare setting, we trained and tested it on routinely-collected data not just from research cohorts, but from patients in actual memory clinics. This shows it will be generalisable to a real-world setting.”

The team now hope to extend their model to other forms of dementia, such as vascular dementia and frontotemporal dementia, and using different types of data, such as markers from blood tests.

Professor Kourtzi added: “If we’re going to tackle the growing health challenge presented by dementia, we will need better tools for identifying and intervening at the earliest possible stage. Our vision is to scale up our AI tool to help clinicians assign the right person at the right time to the right diagnostic and treatment pathway. Our tool can help match the right patients to clinical trials, accelerating new drug discovery for disease modifying treatments.”

The study was funded by Wellcome, the Royal Society, Alzheimer’s Research UK, the Alzheimer’s Drug Discovery Foundation Diagnostics Accelerator, the Alan Turing Institute, and the National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre.

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Kesha Has Some Choice Words For The Body-Shamers Who Criticised Her Bikini Pics

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Kesha has a badass message for the body shamers who slammed her appearance.

The Grammy-nominated singer, reacted to the rude comments social media users made about her physique in a spicy Instagram post last week.

“I didn’t think in 2024 people still body shamed but i am so proud of my body. She’s been through a lot,” Kesha wrote in the 7, post alongside pics of her posing in a black string bikini on the beach.

“She’s torn her acl on stage and finished the show. She’s held my fucking broken heart together.”

The Die Young star added to the haters that their unkind words actually make her feel “very powerful”.

“To those who think you’re shaming me, you’re actually making me feel very powerful,” she added. “So, to you, i hope you one day feel whole enough to not tear other women down. In the mean time, hate me harder bitch.”

Kesha’s three million-plus followers jumped into the comments section to shower her with support amid the negativity from internet trolls.

“Be proud. You’re beautiful. The people hating are the ones hiding an anonymous photo and living in a basement while you’re out here thriving,” one person wrote.

Another said: “Anybody who hates on your body needs glasses.”

“You are beautiful!!! Beautiful person, beautiful body and beautiful soul. Haters gonna hate because they are jealous. You are a light in this world,” someone else commented. “Keep shining bright!!”

Kesha previously shared in an essay in Teen Vogue that she’d been bullied by body shamers as a kid and wrote candidly about recovering from an eating disorder.

“When I think about the kind of bullying I dealt with as a child and teen, it seems almost quaint compared with what goes on today,” she wrote in the 2017 piece. “The amount of body-shaming and baseless slut-shaming online makes me sick.”

“I know from personal experience how comments can mess up somebody’s self-confidence and sense of self-worth,” Kesha added. “I have felt so unlovable after reading cruel words written by strangers who don’t know a thing about me.”

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13 Behind-The-Scenes Secrets You Probably Never Knew About Shaun Of The Dead

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It’s been 20 years since Shaun Of The Dead arrived on screens and kick-started Edgar Wright’s iconic Cornetto Trilogy (later completed by Hot Fuzz and The World’s End).

The endlessly quotable, quintessentially British and laugh-out-loud zom-rom-com is an undisputed classic that still holds up two decades later.

It’s also the movie in which the world got to know the loveable comedic duo Simon Pegg and Nick Frost, who star in the zombie apocalypse comedy as a directionless salesman and his lazy roommate, who must ward off an invasion by any means necessary.

If you’re already planning your latest re-watch, here are the behind-the-scenes secrets you probably didn’t know…

It was inspired by an episode of Edgar Wright’s sitcom with Simon Pegg

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The whole concept of the Shaun Of The Dead was inspired by an episode of Simon Pegg and Edgar Wright’s sitcom Spaced. In the episode titled Art, Simon’s character stays up all night playing the video game Resident Evil, when he starts to hallucinate a zombie invasion.

“I wrote an episode of Spaced where my character fights zombies in his flat. We had such a fun time shooting it, we thought we ought to make a zombie movie – like it was that easy,” Simon Pegg told The Guardian in 2020. “We really were so naive. We thought we could do anything.”

The cast and crew did not have high hopes for the film’s success

Simon Pegg and director Edgar Wright in 2004
Simon Pegg and director Edgar Wright in 2004

Richard Young/Shutterstock

It’s hard to imagine now when we look back at the cult success of the film, but Shaun Of The Dead was not at all guaranteed to be a critical or commercial success.

“I didn’t know if anyone was going to see this film apart from my mum,” Simon Pegg told GQ in a recent retrospective.

Edgar Wright agreed: “I don’t think we had any thought of what it would be beyond the UK. And even that was like, please let it go down well in the UK… everything that came afterwards, travelling around the world with it, was a life-changing bonus.”

The team were keen not to water down the Britishness of Shaun Of The Dead

Simon Pegg and Nick Frost in Shaun Of The Dead
Simon Pegg and Nick Frost in Shaun Of The Dead

Big Talk/Kobal/Shutterstock

Speaking to The Hollywood Reporter, Simon Pegg said the success of the film was a “vindication of our intentions” to make the film “very, very British”.

“We didn’t make any concessions to sort of transatlantic-ism,” he added.

Movie execs wanted more A-listers in the cast

We of course now know Nick Frost and Simon Pegg as an inseparable comedic duo, but apparently industry folk were confused as to why director Edgar wasn’t vying for bigger names.

“There were some times people… didn’t understand necessarily why Simon and Nick together was so important,” Edgar told GQ. “There were a couple of times [where they said], ‘Ed is like the funniest part of the film. Why wouldn’t you go with somebody bigger?’.”

He added: “It was literally that thing of, like, ‘Could you get an American in this part? Could Jack Black play this part?’. And we were like, ‘No, it has to be Nick’.”

And some pretty big names were actually thrown into the mix

Speaking during a recent oral history with IndieWire, Edgar recalled how they were asked to look at “casting up” to get some more high calibre names involved for the roles of Shaun’s girlfriend Liz and mother Barbara, which were written specifically for Kate Ashfield and Penelope Wilton.

“We met Kate Winslet about playing Liz and she liked it, but ultimately didn’t do it,” Edgar recalled.

Kate Winslet pictured in 2003
Kate Winslet pictured in 2003

via Associated Press

Another British acting legend was very nearly involved

Two-time Oscar nominee and (at the time) future winner Helen Mirren was also considered for the role of Barbara.

In an excerpt from the book You’ve Got Red On You – about the making of Shaun Of The Dead – published in Rolling Stone, Edgar recalled the acting icon’s “brilliant” response.

“She read the script and said, ‘I’m passing on the role of Barbara. I would only do the movie if I got to play Ed.’ Her reason was, ‘Well, Ed’s the funniest part.’”

As we know, it was Nick who went on to portray Ed, but we can’t help but admire The Queen actor’s resolve.

Helen Mirren in 2004
Helen Mirren in 2004

Jim Smeal/BEI/Shutterstock

Shaun Of The Dead ended up being really popular with some Hollywood heavy-hitters

Speaking to GQ, Edgar reeled off the names of people in the industry who supported the film with press quotes: Quentin Tarantino, Stephen King, Sam Raimi, Guillermo Del Toro, Robert Rodriguez and Frank Darabont being among them.

To say thank you, they even made each of them personalised versions of Shaun’s badge with their own names on it.

A legend of the zombie genre was particularly impressed by the film

The cast of Shaun Of The Dead
The cast of Shaun Of The Dead

Oliver Upton/Big Talk/Kobal/Shutterstock

Shaun Of The Dead was clearly an homage to the zombie genre, so much so that it impressed Night Of The Living Dead director George A. Romero.

In a 2008 interview with CinemaBlend, the director recalled: “So I get this message from these guys, and I didn’t know who they were. Some cat named Edgar Wright: ‘I made this movie, I hope you like it.’

“So next thing I know, some cat from Universal shows up like a guy with a bomb suitcase, the fucking print is chained to him. He starts saying, ‘We want to show you this movie at the local theatre. We arranged it.’ I see this movie a little too dark, but it was hilarious, man! And I flipped for it.”

That record-tossing scene actually required artist’s permission

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A hapless electronics store employee who spends most of his spare time downing pints at the local pub with his roommate, Ed (Nick Frost), Shaun’s life seems to fall apart when he is dumped by his girlfriend, Liz (Kate Ashfield), and his obnoxious stepfather, Philip (Bill Nighy), shows up to berate him for not being more attentive to his caring mother Barbara (Penelope Wilton) — especially since he forgot to send flowers for her birthday. Things take a turn for the worse when the dead return to stake their claim on the Earth, and though the chaos that follows threatens to swallow up all of England, it’s up to Shaun to keep his cool and prove himself once and for all by successfully rescuing Liz and his mother. With his trusty roommate by his side, nothing — not even the living dead — can stand between Shaun and the two most important women in his life.\n\nCREDITS:\nTM & © Universal (2004)\nCast: Mark Donovan, Nick Frost, Simon Pegg, David Walliams, Nicola Cunningham\nDirector: Edgar Wright\nProducers: Tim Bevan, Eric Fellner, Mark Hudson, Alison Owen, Nira Park, Ronaldo Vasconcellos, Natascha Wharton, James Wilson\nScreenwriters: Simon Pegg, Edgar Wright\n\nWHO ARE WE?\nThe MOVIECLIPS channel is the largest collection of licensed movie clips on the web. Here you will find unforgettable moments, scenes and lines from all your favorite films. 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