Their findings appear in a review published in Nature Photonics, which examines the rapid advances in creating, controlling, and measuring structured quantum light. The paper highlights a growing set of powerful tools, including on-chip integrated photonics, nonlinear optics, and multiplane light conversion. Together, these methods are transforming structured quantum states from laboratory concepts into practical systems for imaging, sensing, and quantum networks.

From Empty Toolbox to Advanced Quantum Control

Professor Andrew Forbes of Wits University, the study’s corresponding author, says the transformation in this field over the past 20 years has been remarkable. “The tailoring of quantum states, where quantum light is engineered for a particular purpose, has gathered pace of late, finally starting to show its full potential. Twenty years ago the toolkit for this was virtually empty. Today we have on-chip sources of quantum structured light that are compact and efficient, able to create and control quantum states.”

A major advantage of shaping photons is that it allows researchers to use high-dimensional encoding alphabets. In simple terms, each photon can carry more information and resist interference more effectively. That makes structured quantum light especially attractive for secure quantum communication systems.

Challenges in Long-Distance Quantum Communication

Despite the progress, real-world conditions still pose obstacles. Certain communication channels are not well suited for spatially structured photons, which limits how far these signals can travel compared to more traditional properties such as polarisation. “Although we have made amazing progress, there are still challenging issues,” says Forbes. “The distance reach with structured light, both classical and quantum, remains very low … but this is also an opportunity, stimulating the search for more abstract degrees of freedom to exploit.”

To address this limitation, researchers are exploring ways to give quantum states topological properties. Topological features can make quantum information more stable against disturbances. “We have recently shown how quantum wave functions naturally have the potential to be topological, and this promises the preservation of quantum information even if the entanglement is fragile,” says Forbes.

Multidimensional Entanglement and Future Applications

The review also outlines fast-moving developments in multidimensional entanglement, ultrafast temporal structuring, advanced nonlinear detection techniques, and compact on-chip devices that can generate or process higher-dimensional quantum light than ever before. These breakthroughs are paving the way for high-resolution quantum imaging, extremely precise measurement tools, and quantum networks capable of transmitting more data through multiple interconnected channels.

Overall, the field appears to be reaching a pivotal moment. Researchers believe quantum optics based on structured light is poised for major growth, with the future looking “very bright indeed” — but additional work is required to increase dimensionality, raise photon output, and design quantum states that can withstand realistic optical environments.

Compared with a control group that also reduced calories but did not eat oats, those on the oat based plan saw a markedly greater improvement in their cholesterol levels. The reduction remained noticeable even six weeks later. Researchers also found that the diet changed the balance of bacteria in the gut. Substances produced by these microbes appear to play an important role in the health benefits linked to oats.

A Historic Diabetes Therapy Revisited

Oats have long been associated with metabolic health. In the early 20th century, German physician Carl von Noorden used oats to treat patients with diabetes, reporting strong results. “Today, effective medications are available to treat patients with diabetes,” explains Marie-Christine Simon, junior professor at the Institute of Nutritional and Food Science at the University of Bonn. “As a result, this method has been almost completely overlooked in recent decades.”

The volunteers in the new study did not have diabetes, but they did have metabolic syndrome, which raises the risk of developing the disease. This condition is defined by excess weight, high blood pressure, elevated blood sugar, and disorders of lipid metabolism. “We wanted to know how a special oat-based diet affects patients,” says Simon, who is also a member of the Transdisciplinary Research Areas “Life & Health” and “Sustainable Futures” at the University of Bonn.

300 Grams of Oatmeal Per Day

During the intensive phase, participants ate boiled oatmeal three times daily and could only add small amounts of fruit or vegetables. In total, 32 women and men completed the two day oat based intervention. Each person consumed 300 grams of oatmeal per day and cut their usual calorie intake roughly in half. The control group also reduced calories but did not consume oats.

Both groups experienced some benefits from eating fewer calories. However, the improvements were stronger among those who ate oats. “The level of particularly harmful LDL cholesterol fell by 10 percent for them — that is a substantial reduction, although not entirely comparable to the effect of modern medications,” stresses Simon. “They also lost two kilos in weight on average and their blood pressure fell slightly.”

Lowering LDL cholesterol is especially important for heart health. When LDL levels are too high, cholesterol can build up inside artery walls, forming plaques that narrow blood vessels. These plaques may rupture during physical strain, emotional stress, or spikes in blood pressure. A resulting blood clot can completely block blood flow or travel to the heart or brain, triggering a heart attack or stroke.

Gut Microbiome Changes May Explain the Effect

To understand why oats had this impact, researchers examined the gut microbiome. “We were able to identify that the consumption of oatmeal increased the number of certain bacteria in the gut,” says Linda Klümpen, the study’s lead author. Scientists increasingly recognize that gut bacteria are central to how the body processes food. These microbes generate metabolic byproducts that nourish intestinal cells and support their normal function.

Some of these bacterial products also enter the bloodstream, where they can influence other organs. “For instance, we were able to show that intestinal bacteria produce phenolic compounds by breaking down the oats,” says Klümpen. “It has already been shown in animal studies that one of them, ferulic acid, has a positive effect on the cholesterol metabolism. This also appears to be the case for some of the other bacterial metabolic products.”

At the same time, certain microbes help eliminate the amino acid histidine. Without this process, the body can convert histidine into a compound believed to promote insulin resistance, a hallmark of diabetes mellitus.

Short Intensive Plan Outperformed Longer Moderate Intake

The cholesterol lowering effects were still visible six weeks after the two day intervention. “A short-term oat-based diet at regular intervals could be a well-tolerated way to keep the cholesterol level within the normal range and prevent diabetes,” says Junior Professor Simon.

However, the benefits were strongest when oats were consumed in high amounts alongside calorie restriction. In a separate six week phase, participants ate 80 grams of oatmeal per day without additional dietary limits. That approach produced only modest changes. “As a next step, it can now be clarified whether an intensive oat-based diet repeated every six weeks actually has a permanently preventative effect,” Simon adds.

How the Randomized Controlled Trials Were Conducted

A total of 68 people took part in the research. In the two day oat based study, 17 participants in the oat group and 15 in the control group completed the trial. Two individuals in the control group withdrew for personal reasons. In the six week intervention, 17 participants in each group finished the study. The researchers determined the group size of 17 per arm based on earlier interventional data.

Both the short and longer interventions were randomized controlled trials. In these “RCTs,” participants are assigned at random to different groups. One group receives the intervention being tested, in this case oats, while the control group does not. Ideally, participants are “blind” and unaware of which group they are in, which reduces placebo effects.

In nutrition studies, full blinding is often difficult because people usually know what they are eating. That was true here. However, the laboratory teams analyzing blood and stool samples were unaware of which group the samples came from. The same applied to blood pressure and weight measurements, reducing the chance that expectations could influence the results.

Before any dietary changes, researchers collected blood and stool samples and measured blood pressure, weight, height, waist circumference, and body fat. Follow up assessments took place immediately after the two day oat phase and again at two, four, and six weeks. The same measurements and sample collections were repeated each time. The six week oatmeal group underwent identical testing procedures.

Blood samples were analyzed for LDL cholesterol levels and for dihydroferulic acid, a phenolic compound thought to be produced by beneficial gut bacteria. Stool samples were used to identify bacterial species by isolating 16S RNA, a molecule unique to bacteria that varies slightly between species, much like a fingerprint. Researchers also examined which metabolic byproducts were present.

The study received funding from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), the German Diabetes Association (DDG), the German Research Foundation (DFG), the German Cereal Processing, Milling and Starch Industries’ Association (VGMS), and RASO Naturprodukte.