When Kearse and his colleague Yoshihiro Kaneko at Kyoto University analyzed the video more carefully, they concluded that it had captured the first direct visual evidence of curved fault slip.

Earthquake geologists often observe curved slickenlines, the scrape marks created by blocks of rock moving past each other during faulting. But until now there has been no visual proof of the curved slip that might create these slickenlines.

The video confirmation of curved fault slip can help researchers create better dynamic models of how faults rupture, Kearse and Kaneko conclude in their paper published in The Seismic Record. (See video below.)

The video comes from a CCTV security camera recording along the trace of Myanmar’s Sagaing Fault, which ruptured 28 March in a magnitude 7.7 earthquake. The camera was placed about 20 meters to the east of the fault and was 120 kilometers away from the earthquake’s hypocenter.

The resulting video is astonishing. A fault in motion as never seen before — shaking followed by a visible northward slide of the land on the western side of the fault.

“I saw this on YouTube an hour or two after it was uploaded, and it sent chills down my spine straight away,” Kearse recalled. “It shows something that I think every earthquake scientist has been desperate to see, and it was just right there, so very exciting.”

Watching it over and over again, he noticed something else.

“Instead of things moving straight across the video screen, they moved along a curved path that has a convexity downwards, which instantly started bells ringing in my head,” Kearse said, “because some of my previous research has been specifically on curvature of fault slip, but from the geological record.”

Kearse had studied curved slickenlines associated with other earthquakes, such as the 2016 magnitude 7.8 Kaikoura earthquake in New Zealand, and their implications for understanding how faults rupture.

With the Myanmar video, “we set about to quantify the movement a bit more carefully, to extract objective quantitative information from the video rather than just pointing at it to say, look, it’s curved,” he said.

The researchers decided to track the movement of objects in the video by pixel cross correlation, frame by frame. The analysis helped them measure the rate and direction of fault motion during the earthquake.

They conclude that the fault slipped 2.5 meters for roughly 1.3 seconds, at a peak velocity of about 3.2 meters per second. This shows that the earthquake was pulse-like, which is a major discovery and confirms previous inferences made from seismic waveforms of other earthquakes. In addition, most of the fault motion is strike-slip, with a brief dip-slip component.

The slip curves rapidly at first, as it accelerates to top velocity, then remains linear as the slip slows down, the researchers found.

The pattern fits with what earthquake scientists had previously proposed about slip curvature, that it might occur in part because stresses on the fault near the ground surface are relatively low. “The dynamic stresses of the earthquake as it’s approaching and begins to rupture the fault near the ground surface are able to induce an obliquity to the fault movement,” said Kearse.

“These transient stresses push the fault off its intended course initially, and then it catches itself and does what it’s supposed to do, after that.”

The researchers previously concluded that the type of slip curvature — whether it curves in one direction, or in the other — is dependent on the direction that the rupture travels, and is consistent with the north to south rupture of the Myanmar earthquake. This means that slickenlines can record the dynamics of past earthquakes, which can be useful for understanding future seismic risks.

Ryan Fortenberry, an astrochemist at the University of Mississippi, Ralf Kaiser, professor of chemistry at the University of Hawaii at Mānoa, and Alexander M. Mebel, computational chemist at Florida International University, are part of an international team that synthesized methanetetrol for the first time. They published their research on the elusive compound in the journal Nature Communications.

“This is essentially a prebiotic concentrate — a seed of life molecule,” Fortenberry said. “It’s something that can lead to more complex chemistry if given the opportunity. Think of it like an acorn that will grow into a tree in the Grove.

“The acorn alone cannot make a tree; it requires sunlight and water and lots of other things. But it can be what starts the process.”

Methanetetrol is an ortho acid – an elusive class of compounds that are particularly difficult to isolate and study but are thought to play a key role in early life chemistry.

To mimic how methanetetrol might form in space, the researchers froze water and carbon dioxide ices to near absolute zero and exposed them to cosmic ray-like radiation. This process allowed them to release the molecule into gas form and identify it using powerful ultraviolet light.

“The detection of the only alcohol with four hydroxyl groups at the same carbon atom pushes the experimental and detection capabilities to the ‘final frontier,’ the next level beyond what could be accomplished before due to the lack of experimental and computational approaches,” said Kaiser, whose lab has been trying to isolate methanetetrol for more than five years.

Since methanetetrol has so many oxygen bonds – and because oxygen does not like to bond close to other oxygens – the compound is very unstable, meaning it is likely to break down if it is not kept in the right conditions.

“You have this compact, carbon-oxygen molecule that just really wants to go ‘boom,'” Fortenberry said. “And when it does, when you give it any kind of energy, you’ll have water, hydrogen peroxide and a number of other potential compounds that are important for life.

“It’s a like a prebiotic bomb.”

If the molecule can form in the lab, it can also form in space, the authors said. This makes the compound particularly interesting to astrochemists who are looking for potential life-supporting regions.

“While carbon is the building block of life, oxygen is what makes up nearly everything else,” Fortenberry said. “Oxygen is everywhere and is essential for life as we know it.

“So, if we can find places where methanetetrol forms naturally, we know that it is a place that has the potential building blocks to support life.”

This material is based on work supported by the National Science Foundation grants AST-2403867.

The findings also imply, the researchers say, that Abell 3667 formed from two smaller clusters, which had themselves merged around a billion years ago.

“This is the first time a feature of this scale and size has been found in a local galaxy cluster,” said Anthony Englert, a Ph.D. candidate at Brown University and lead author of a study describing the findings. “We knew that it was possible for a bridge like this to form between two galaxies, but it hadn’t been documented anywhere before now. It was a huge surprise that we were able to image such a faint feature.”

The new images of Abell 3667 were made using the Dark Energy Camera (DECam) mounted on the Víctor M. Blanco Telescope at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory in Chile. Englert and two colleagues — Ian Dell’Antonio, a professor of physics at Brown, and Mireia Montes, a research fellow at the Institute of Space Sciences in Barcelona, Spain — stitched together a record-breaking 28 hours of observations taken over a span of years by DECam. The findings are published in The Astrophysical Journal.

“Because Blanco has been imaging with DECam for the past decade, there is a ton of archival data available,” Englert said. “It was just a happy coincidence that so many people had imaged Abell 3667 over the years, and we were able to stack all of those observations together.”

That extensive observation time is what made it possible to image the dim light of stray stars within the cluster. This type of diffuse light, known as intracluster light or ICL, offers a treasure trove of information about the history of Abell 3667 and the gravitational dance of the galaxies within it.

The ICL imaged by Englert and his colleagues revealed a special type of galactic merger happening in Abell 3667. Normally, Englert says, mergers that involve the largest galaxy in a cluster, called the brightest cluster galaxy or BCG, occur gradually as it steals stars from many smaller galaxies that surround it. But this new research shows something different happening in this case. Abell 3667 is actually made of two galaxy clusters, each with its own BCG, that are now merging together. The ICL bridge discovered by the researchers suggests that the larger BCG is stealing stars from the smaller one — an event known as a rapid or aggressive merger. As the two BCGs merge, so too do the smaller galaxies that surround them, making Abell 3667 the product of two merging clusters. Data from X-ray and radio frequency observations had suggested a rapid merger in Abell 3667, but this is the first optical evidence to back it up.

The appearance of intracluster light in these new images offers a tantalizing preview of what’s to come when the Vera C. Rubin Observatory becomes fully operational later this year or early next. Using a telescope twice the size of Blanco and the largest camera ever built, the Rubin telescope will perform a 10-year scan deep into the entire southern sky, a project called the Legacy Survey of Space and Time.

“Rubin is going to be able to image ICL in much the same way as we did here, but it’s going to do it for every single local galaxy cluster in the southern sky,” Englert said. “What we did is just a small sliver of what Rubin is going to be able to do. It’s really going to blow the study of the ICL wide open.”

That will be a scientific bonanza for astronomers and astrophysicists. In addition to revealing the history of galaxy clusters, the ICL holds clues to some of the most fundamental mysteries of the universe, particularly dark matter — the mysterious, invisible stuff thought to account for most of the universe’s mass.

“ICL is quite important for cosmology,” Dell’Antonio said. “The distribution of this light should mirror the distribution of dark matter, so it provides an indirect way to ‘see’ the dark matter.”

Seeing the unseeable — that’s a powerful telescope.

The Victor M. Blanco Telescope and the Vera C. Rubin Observatory are operated by NOIRLab, the U.S. national center for ground-based, nighttime optical astronomy operated by the National Science Foundation. The research was funded by NSF (AST-2108287), the U.S. Department of Energy (DE-SC-0010010) and the NASA Rhode Island Space Grant Consortium.

Image Details

1. Jellyfish galaxy JO171
   Similar to the iconic Hoag’s Object, JO171 is an example of a ring galaxy, characterized by a completely detached ring of young stars surrounding a central old spheroid. JO171’s fall into the dense Abell 3667 galaxy cluster is stripping it of gas, creating the striking jellyfish-like tendrils seen trailing off to one side of the galaxy. Analysis of the galaxy’s stellar population and its gas and stellar dynamics shows that the origin of the ring is related to an interaction with another galaxy in the distant past, prior to its accretion onto Abell 3667. More recently, since infall into the cluster, the gas in the ring has been stripped by ram pressure, causing the quenching of star formation in the stripped half of the ring. This is the first observed case of ram-pressure stripping in action in a ring galaxy. Both of the events (accretion and stripping) caused dramatic transformations in this galaxy.
2. Jellyfish galaxy LEDA 64246
   LEDA 64246 is another example of extended galaxy tails formed by ram-pressure stripping. Their blue glow indicates that the stripping has triggered star formation in the trails.
3. Brightest cluster galaxy IC 4965 and infalling group
   The central galaxy in this cutout is referred to as the brightest cluster galaxy (BCG). The formation of BCGs has been an astronomical mystery for decades. The mystery has been partially answered by the detection of intracluster light, which provides evidence that BCGs generally form through the gradual stripping of stars from less massive galaxies in the cluster, which then accrete onto the BCG.
4. NGC 6862
   NGC 6862 is a Seyfert galaxy that is partially obscured by Milky Way cirrus, or integrated flux nebulae.