US cuts universal childhood vaccine recommendations, including covid and hepatitis

The overhaul is the latest in a host of sweeping changes made under the Trump administration by health secretary Robert F Kennedy Jr.

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Venezuela Is Not The Only Country Trump Has His Eye On

Donald Trump stunned the international stage when he initiated a takeover of Venezuela over the weekend – but this could just be the beginning.

The US president initiated military strikes against the South American country on Saturday and captured its president, Nicolas Maduro, before indicting him on narco-terrorism charges.

Trump has since promised to “run” Venezuela until a safe transition of power can take place.

The US president has also made it clear that he wants to expand America’s president internationally, and revive the 19th-Century idea known as the Monroe Doctrine, designed to keep Europe out of the Western Hemisphere.

He said his modern-day equivalent would be called the “Don-roe Doctrine” and establish US dominance over the whole hemisphere, backed by military strength.

He has repeatedly threatened to take action against other territories, both in South America and outside of it, particularly those run by leftist governments.

While UK prime minister Keir Starmer’s top team insists the idea of Trump seizing other countries is just “hypothetical”, the US president has openly been welcoming the idea of initiating action against other countries.

Here’s what you need to know.

Colombia

Speaking on Monday, Trump said: “Colombia is very sick too, run by a sick man who likes making cocaine and selling it to the United States and he’s going to be doing it good for very long, let me tell you.”

Asked if that meant there would be a US operation into Colombia, he said: “Sounds good to me.”

It comes after Trump told his cabinet in December that military strikes on land targets inside Venezuela would “start very soon”.

As he claimed any country producing narcotics could be a potential target, he called out Colombia – even though the nation has been working with the US government for decades on its war on drugs.

Trump said Colombia’s president Gustavo Petro had to “watch his ass”.

Petro has already been slapped with sanctions by the US administration following claims that he has been involved with the global drug trade.

But Petro warned the White House: “To threaten our sovereignty is to declare war; do not damage two centuries of diplomatic relations.”

He added: “I deeply reject Trump speaking without knowing; my name does not appear in the judicial files on drug trafficking over 50 years, neither from before nor from the present.”

Trump’s comments could also have been related to the upcoming presidential elections in Colombia, where leftist Petro will be prevented from running again, according to the constitution – so the US might back a right-wing candidate.

Greenland

Trump has long had his eye on Greenland for its advantageous location and its untapped oil supplies.

But, as part of Denmark, it is Nato territory – meaning Trump could run into major trouble if he attempts to seize it.

The US president told The Atlantic on Sunday: “We do need Greenland, absolutely. We need it for defence.”

Former Trump administrational official Katie Miller also posted a map of Greenland on social media covered with the US flag, along with the caption: “SOON.”

But Danish PM Mette Frederiksen said Trump has “no right to annex” the land, and the States already has access to Greenland through security agreements.

She said: “I would therefore strongly urge the US to stop threatening a historically close ally and another country and people who have made it very clear that they are not for sale.”

Prime minister Starmer has already made it clear that he stands with Denmark if Trump attempts to move against it.

He said: “Denmark is a close ally in Europe, it is a Nato ally, and it’s very important the future of Greenland is, as I say, for the Kingdom of Denmark, and for Greenland, and only for Greenland and the Kingdom of Denmark.”

Other European leaders have also followed suit in backing Denmark.

Cuba

Cuba is under a particularly microscope within the Trump administration especially after US officials claimed Cuban bodyguards were protecting Maduro when he was captured.

Cuba also admitted 32 of its officers were killed in Trump’s military strikes.

Trump told reporters: ”[Cuba] is going down. It’s going down for the count.”

US Secretary of state Marco Rubio claimed the country is “run by incompetent, senile men, and in some cases not seen now, but incompetent nonetheless.”

Rubio – the son of Cuban immigrants – adding: “If I lived in Havana and I was in the government, I’d be concerned at least a little bit.”

Cuba has been under US sanctions since its revolution in 1959, and according to Trump, its already struggling economy will face further upheaval without subsidized oil from Venezuela.

The country’s president, Miguel Dias-Canal has already denounced the US capture of Maduro, claiming it is “state terrorism”.

Iran

Iran is enduring a period of domestic unrest, with deadly protests rocking the whole country.

Human rights activists say protests have taken place in at least 26 of Iran’s 31 provinces in the last week, and approximately 19 protesters and one member of the security forces have been killed.

As its economy struggles following its brief conflict with Israel last year, the public are questioning the Islamic Republic.

Trump has weighed in, promising protesters: “We’re watching it very closely. If they [Iranian authorities] start killing people like they have done in the past, I think they’re going to get hit very hard by the United States.”

“We are locked and loaded and ready to go,” he claimed.

It remains unclear exactly what action the US would take against Iran but US bombers were involved in strikes against Iranian nuclear facilities last year.

But supreme leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei has promised Iran “will not yield to the enemy”.

Mexico

Trump also criticised Mexico after his strikes on Venezuela.

“You have to do something with Mexico. Mexico has to get their act together,” the US president said, claiming they must do more to address drug trafficking.

Trump claims to have repeatedly offered to send US troops to Mexico but that president Claudia Sheinbaum has prevented it.

He claimed that she is a “terrific person” but she is “concerned, she’s a little afraid” about military action.

Trump also said the Mexican government is capable of addressing the issues of the drug trade, but “unfortunately the cartels are very strong in Mexico”.

According to Reuters, Shainbaum has already rejected Trump’s remarks, saying: “The Americas do not belong to any doctrine or any power. The American continent belongs to the peoples of each of the countries that comprise it.

“It is necessary to reaffirm that in Mexico, the people rule and that we are a free and sovereign country-cooperation, yes; subordination and intervention, no.”

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Met Office Shares 5 ‘Essentials’ For Snow-Related Power Cuts

Hundreds of schools have been forced to close on the first Monday of the new year as snow covers parts of the UK.

This follows temperatures as low as -10.9°C recorded on 4 January, in Cumbria and 52cm of snowfall recorded at Tomintoul in Banffshire this morning (Monday, 5 January).

Yellow snow and ice alerts are in place across Scotland, Northern Ireland, the North of England, Devon, Cornwall, the East of England, and the West of Wales.

These warnings mean “possible power cuts and an increased risk of other services, like phone signal, becoming impaired,” the Met Office’s site reads.

That’s why experts recommend getting some “essentials” together in advance in case you’re affected by a power cut, as driving in the snow is best avoided when at all possible.

Which essentials do you need in a power cut?

Per the Met Office, you should ensure you have:

  1. Torches
  2. Batteries
  3. Candles
  4. Matches or lighters
  5. A mobile phone power pack.

The office added that if you’ve been affected by a power cut, you should unplug all electronics that need to be attended at the wall. That way, when the power comes back on, you won’t accidentally restart them and forget, eg, a pair of hair straighteners that you were using when the power cut began.

Leave at least one light on so you can figure out when the power is back, and check to see if your neighbour has the same problem (if they don’t, the problem could be a tripped switch).

Wrap up warm, keep internal doors shut to trap in heat, and use a portable heater if you have one.

Additionally, you can call 105 – it’s a free service for those in Scotland, England, and Wales which allows you to report the power cut to your electricity network operator, and receive more information if you need any.

Why do snow and ice cause power cuts to begin with?

Snow and ice can build up on branches and power lines in a way that water, which drips off, can’t.

That can make branches fall onto power lines or weigh the lines themselves down, Interesting Engineering shared.

Then, there’s the simple fact of the temperature. The many component parts of a power system each have ideal running temperatures; very cold and very hot weather can throw them off, forcing the network to work harder.

Even in the absence of snowfall, tree roots can sometimes provide a pathway for ice on the ground to make its way to underground power lines.

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As Callum Turner Is Tipped To Be The New James Bond, 17 More Actors Rumoured For The Role

It’s now been almost five years since Daniel Craig’s departure from the James Bond franchise in No Time To Die – and somehow there’s still been no confirmation on who will be succeeding him as 007.

Over the last year, there have been some behind-the-scenes developments for the James Bond franchise, with a new creative team taking control and an Oscar-nominated filmmaker having now been chosen to direct the next instalment.

Despite this, an actor playing Bond is still to be selected – and while for some time it looked like the role was Aaron Taylor-Johnson’s for the taking, new reports suggest the part could be going to someone else entirely.

As we dive into the latest 007 rumour, here are 17 more stars who’ve all been rumoured at some point to be taking over Daniel Craig at the helm of the iconic franchise…

via Associated Press

Who is he? Callum Turner has been putting in the work for more than a decade now, but he’s enjoyed a real breakthrough in the last few years.

Some of his most recent projects include the Fantastic Beasts movies, in which he played Theseus Scamander, the sports drama The Boys In The Boat and the star-studded Apple TV+ series Masters Of The Air.

He’s also been making headlines for several years now thanks to his relationship with his famous fiancée, pop superstar Dua Lipa, who has also been repeatedly linked with the Bond franchise as she’s been rumoured to be recording the next film’s accompanying theme song.

Where did the rumour come from? In December 2025, several news outlets spotted that betting odds had been suddenly slashed on Callum being cast as James Bond.

Since then, Callum’s name was mentioned in an article published by the Mail, suggesting he’d been “blabbing all over town” that he’d landed the coveted spy role.

What has he said? Despite the Mail’s reports about Callum’s loose-lipped approach to his Bond casting, he hasn’t said anything publicly yet, but HuffPost UK has contacted his team for comment.

via Associated Press

Who is he? Until recently, Aaron has been widely considered as the frontrunner for the role of James for more than a year now. His past credits include the superhero comedy Kick-Ass, the John Lennon biopic Nowhere Boy and Christopher Nolan’s Tenet.

Since then, he’s appeared in projects as varied as Marvel’s Kraven The Hunter, the arthouse horror flick Nosferatu and Danny Boyle’s 28 Years Later.

Where did the rumour come from? In November 2022, Aaron supposedly met with Bond producer Barbara Broccoli (who has since left the franchise), with follow-up reports claiming the meeting “went well”.

More recently, in 2024, tabloid reports went as far as saying he’d been cast in the role, though this was walked back mere days later. However, the rumour mill has been in overdrive once again in recent history thanks to a series of clues pointing to Aaron playing 007.

What has he said? Nothing concrete just yet – but his skittishness when it comes to whether or not he’s playing James Bond has to count for something, right?

via Associated Press

Who is he? The James Bond rumour that’s being going around the longest time involved Idris Elba, whose acting credits include the Thor films, Beasts of No Nation, the Fast & Furious series and the BBC detective drama Luther.

Where did the rumour come from? Idris has been rumoured to be in the running to play 007 for more than a decade (since the speculation began in 2014, there’ve been three new films in the series released), with leaked emails from Sony executives suggesting he was a favourite for the part. Following this, then-Bond boss Barbara Broccoli said Idris has been “part of the conversation” about who the role goes to next.

However, in August 2022 it was reported that Idris had made the decision to take himself out of the running – and in the last few years his casting has seemed less and less likely… although we’d kind of love it if he got the opportunity to play Bond at least once, given just how long he was associated with the franchise.

What has he said? James Bond is a hugely coveted, iconic, beloved character that takes audiences on this massive escapism journey. Of course, if someone said to me, ‘Do you want to play James Bond?,’ I’d be like, ‘Yeah!’. That’s fascinating to me.”

TOLGA AKMENTOLGA AKMEN/EPA-EFE/Shutterstock

Who is he? A more recent addition to the list of rumoured potential 007s is another Aaron, this time fellow Brit Aaron Pierre.

As well as voicing the title character in Disney’s Mufasa, Aaron appeared in The Underground Railroad, played Malcolm X in the anthology series Genius and starred opposite Saoirse Ronan and Paul Mescal in the sci-fi dystopian drama Foe.

Where did the rumour come from? The news appears to come from movie “insider” Daniel Richtman, who claimed in June 2025 that Aaron is “being considered” for the part.

What has he said? Nothing just yet, but we’ll be keeping our eyes peeled in case he has anything to add on the rumours.

Mike Marsland via Getty Images

Who is he? He’s Tom Hardy! You may have seen him in films including Max Max: Fury Road, Dunkirk, Legend, The Dark Knight Rises, Inception or Venom.

Where did the rumour come from? Like Idris Elba, speculation about Tom Hardy playing 007 goes way back.

Things hotted up in 2020, though, when the film blog The Vulcan Reporter claimed he’d done several auditions for the part and was “basically locked into the role”.

What has he said? You know, there’s a saying amongst us in the fraternity of acting, and in the fellowship of my peer group, that if you talk about it you’re automatically out of the race. So I can’t possibly comment on that one! If I mention it, it’s gone.”

Jeff Spicer via Getty Images

Who is he? Probably best known for his role as Loki in the Marvel universe, Tom also won a Golden Globe for his performance in the drama The Night Manager.

Where did the rumour come from? Around the time The Night Manager was airing, many viewers pointed out that the British actor might be a good James Bond, and he was soon spotted having a meeting with the franchise’s chief Barbara Broccoli.

Unfortunately, this was also around the time of those infamous “I Heart TS” paparazzi shots, with rumours suggesting the ensuing media coverage (and his widely-panned Golden Globes speech) may have cost him the role of the man with the golden gun.

What has he said? “What can I say that you don’t already know? It’s interesting in itself that I’ve suddenly become very aware of what I’m saying, is it not?

“Because there’s something about what I’m saying that becomes the story. Not for you, but the world outside. Whatever I say, I’ve found, generated more questions.”

Samir Hussein via Getty Images

Who is he? After rising to fame in Game Of Thrones, the Scottish actor later won a Golden Globe for his leading role in Bodyguard.

Where did the rumour come from? The action-packed Bodyguard led to Richard being tipped to succeed Daniel Craig as Bond, with the Daily Mail reporting at the time that the drama had caught the eye of former 007 boss Barbara Broccoli.

Bodyguard’s producers even teased that a potential second series of the drama would depend on “what happens with James Bond”.

What has he said? “I’m more than flattered to be mentioned, for people to consider putting me in that role. I’m very flattered and thankful. It’s a really brilliant thing to be in.

“I don’t want to curse anything by saying anything. I think that’s the curse of that. If you talk about it, you’ll curse it.”

NEIL HALL/EPA-EFE/Shutterstock

Who is he? James is perhaps best known for his TV roles, which have included Happy Valley, Grantchester, McMafia and The Trial Of Christine Keeler, though you may have also seen him in action in the recent big-screen adaptation of Little Women.

Where did the rumour come from? While many of the actors named as potential replacements for Daniel Craig are based on anonymous “insiders” and source quotes, the rumours about James seem to stem primarily from bookies’ odds.

However, he did spark something of a frenzy in his 2025 drama Playing Nice, when his character was the only person not wearing a tuxedo at a black-tie event, which some felt may have been due to a Bond contractual agreement.

What has he said? “It’s so weird and bemusing. But yet again, it’s based on pure speculation and it makes for a good little clickbait moment in the media. Other than that, it’s just fun and bemusing.”

via Associated Press

Who is he? Jack Lowden has had a massive few years, scoring Bafta, Golden Globe and Emmy nominations for his work in Slow Horses and appearing with Nicole Kidman in the breezy Netflix mystery The Perfect Couple.

Where did the rumour come from? This is another story that’s based on bookies’ odds, with Jack’s name soaring towards the top of the list when Amazon acquired creative control of the spy franchise.

What’s he said? Nothing yet – although his wife Saoirse Ronan seems keen on him taking over as 007.

TOLGA AKMEN via Getty Images

Who is he? The British star of films like Crazy, Rich Asians; A Simple Favour and the Guy Ritchie action film The Gentlemen.

Where did the rumour come from? After Daniel Craig’s exit from the James Bond franchise was confirmed, fans began campaigning for Henry to take over the iconic spy role.

What has he said? [The speculation] definitely [came] from Crazy Rich Asians, maybe the white suit coming out of the park. [And] because I’m Asian and everybody’s fighting for a diverse Bond – sorry, white guys.

“I don’t know. It’s an honour to even be in the conversation. It’s one of the greatest film roles ever, you’d be stupid to be like, ‘I don’t want to do that.’

“Isn’t it great that people are like, ’OK, now’s the time, why the hell can’t we have a black Bond, an Asian Bond, a mixed-race Bond, a non-distinct Bond?”

Jeff Spicer via Getty Images

Who is he? After appearing in Sunshine On Leith and Pride, George landed his biggest role to date when he took the lead in the Bafta-winning 1917, and he’s since appeared in Femme and The End.

Where did the rumour come from? According to a 2021 report in Page Six, Bond producers were hoping to reboot the franchise after No Time To Die, making the Bond character younger, which is where the idea to have George play a rather different 007 was reportedly born.

What has he said? “You’ve got to consider it for sure. I mean, it’s an amazing thing, but it would also be a massive thing. I don’t know if that’s a reality, but if it ever became one, of course, it would be a consideration. But be a careful one.”

David M. Benett via Getty Images

Who is he? Regé-Jean became an overnight sensation in 2020 thanks to his role as the main love interest in the Netflix period drama Bridgerton.

Where did the rumour come from? Fans immediately began suggesting Regé-Jean as a potential Bond, and when he announced he wasn’t returning for the second season of Bridgerton, the rumour mill hotted up even further.

What has he said? “Ah, the B word. I think if you are British and do anything of note, that other people take notice of, then people will start talking about that.

“That’s fairly normal and I’m flattered to be in the category of Brits that people have noticed.”

via Associated Press

Who is he? Charlie’s biggest acting credits include Green Street, Queer As Folk, Sons Of Anarchy and Guy Ritchie’s The Gentlemen. In 2025, he caused a stir when he was cast as Ed Gein in the third season of Ryan Murphy’s Monster.

He was also famously cast in the role of Christian Grey in the Fifty Shades Of Grey franchise, but dropped out due to scheduling conflicts, and was replaced by Jamie Dornan.

Where did the rumour come from? Charlie’s name being linked with playing James Bond largely stems from his devoted fanbase, as well as bookies’ odds.

What has he said? I would be so flattered and honoured to be considered to play James Bond as an Englishman. But my intuition tells me that I shouldn’t be waiting for that phone call to come. I think there are many people ahead of me on that list.

“It’s very flattering sort of fan dialogue. Nobody’s ever, on a professional level from within the industry, brought that up to me.

“As much as people want to talk about me playing James Bond – please continue. Maybe that’s the genesis of these things. Maybe fan chatter leads to industry people actually talking about it in a more serious way.”

CHRIS DELMAS via Getty Images

Who is he? Sam is best known for playing one of the lead roles in the historical drama Outlander.

Where did the rumour come from? Sam has actually been on Bond producers’ radars for a while, having previously auditioned to succeed Pierce Brosnan in Casino Royale, which would eventually become Daniel Craig’s first outing in the role.

What has he said? I don’t know if there is a conversation being had apart from in the media, but I think it’s an incredible franchise and a great character, so of course I would jump at it.”

Matthias Nareyek via Getty Images

Who is he? Henry is famous for playing Superman in the superhero’s most recent big-screen offerings, and also has the lead role in the Netflix adaptation of The Witcher.

Where did the rumour come from? After taking on an action role in The Man From U.N.C.L.E., many viewers suggested he’d be a fitting replacement for Daniel Craig, with rumours suggesting his name had been raised among producers as a hot favourite.

Like Sam Heughan, Henry also auditioned for Casino Royale, back when he was just 21 years old.

What has he said? I would absolutely jump at the opportunity. At this stage, it’s all up in the air. We’ll see what happens. But yes, I would love to play Bond, it would be very, very exciting.”

AFP Contributor via Getty Images

Who is he? The chart-topping singer made a name for himself as a member of One Direction, before making a name for himself as a Grammy-winning solo artist.

In addition to his music career, Harry also had a short-lived career as an actor, first appearing in Christopher Nolan’s Dunkirk before getting mixed-at-best reviews for his work in Eternals, Don’t Worry Darling and My Policeman.

Where did the rumour come from? This might sound like the work of over-excited Directioners, but in 2021, The Sun reported that Bond producers were hoping to take the character in a “new age” direction, and tipped Harry for the role.

What has he said? Harry’s reps said the rumours were “not even remotely true”. Too bad, tbh.

via Associated Press

Who is he? Ted Lasso fans will recognise Phil from his Emmy-nominated performance as Jamie Tartt.

Where did the rumour come from? Interestingly, unlike most of the names on this list, this rumour comes straight from the horse’s mouth, with Phil confirming that a “conversation” was had about him playing Bond – albeit a short one.

What’s he said? “There was a conversation one of my agents had but they quite firmly shut the door in their face.”

David M. Benett via Getty Images

Who is he? Another addition to the list of rumoured James Bond stars, Lucien Laviscount’s past credits include Coronation Street, Waterloo Road, Ryan Murphy’s Scream Queens and Emily In Paris.

Where did the rumour come from? The Daily Mail first reported in December 2022 that Lucien had caught the eye of James Bond producers, with an unnamed source claiming he “ticks all of the boxes” as a “super talented” and “extremely handsome” young actor.

However, it appears there’s one drawback.

According to the Mail, Lucien’s reality TV past (after leaving Waterloo Road, he appeared on Celebrity Big Brother, and was involved in a brief showmance with a certain Ms Katona) has put off some execs behind the scenes.

What has he said? Again, he’s yet to address the rumours directly, so make of that what you will.

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Everyday chemicals are quietly damaging beneficial gut bacteria

Scientists have completed a large laboratory analysis of widely used human-made chemicals and found that 168 of them are harmful to bacteria that normally live in a healthy human gut. These substances slow or stop the growth of microbes that play an important role in supporting overall health.

Many of the chemicals identified are ones people are likely to encounter through everyday exposure, including food, drinking water, and the environment. Until now, most were not believed to interfere with bacteria at all.

Links to Antibiotic Resistance Raise New Concerns

When gut bacteria are exposed to these chemical pollutants, some change how they function in an attempt to survive. In certain cases, this adaptation also makes the bacteria resistant to antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin. If similar changes occur inside the human body, infections could become more difficult to treat.

The study was led by researchers at the University of Cambridge and involved testing 1076 different chemical contaminants on 22 species of gut bacteria under laboratory conditions.

Pesticides and Industrial Chemicals Among the Most Harmful

The chemicals shown to damage gut bacteria include pesticides such as herbicides and insecticides commonly applied to crops. Industrial compounds used in products like flame retardants and plastics were also found to be toxic to these microbes.

The human gut microbiome contains roughly 4,500 different types of bacteria that help keep the body functioning properly. When this delicate system is disrupted, it can contribute to a wide range of health problems, including digestive issues, obesity, weakened immune function, and effects on mental health.

Why Chemical Safety Testing Misses Gut Health

Current chemical safety evaluations typically do not account for the gut microbiome. This is because chemicals are designed to target specific organisms or processes, for example insecticides should target insects.

Using the data from their experiments, the researchers developed a machine learning model to help predict whether industrial chemicals — whether already in use, or in development — are likely to harm human gut bacteria. The findings and the new model were published in the journal Nature Microbiology.

Researchers Call for a New Approach to Chemical Safety

Dr. Indra Roux, a researcher at the University of Cambridge’s MRC Toxicology Unit and the study’s first author, said: “We’ve found that many chemicals designed to act only on one type of target, say insects or fungi, also affect gut bacteria. We were surprised that some of these chemicals had such strong effects. For example, many industrial chemicals like flame retardants and plasticizers — that we are regularly in contact with — weren’t thought to affect living organisms at all, but they do.”

Professor Kiran Patil, senior author of the study and also based at the University of Cambridge’s MRC Toxicology Unit, added: “The real power of this large-scale study is that we now have the data to predict the effects of new chemicals, with the aim of moving to a future where new chemicals are safe by design.”

Dr. Stephan Kamrad, another researcher involved in the work, said: “Safety assessments of new chemicals for human use must ensure they are also safe for our gut bacteria, which could be exposed to the chemicals through our food and water.”

What Scientists Still Don’t Know About Real-World Exposure

There is currently limited information about how environmental chemicals directly affect the gut microbiome and, in turn, human health. The researchers say it is likely that gut bacteria are frequently exposed to many of the chemicals tested, but the exact amounts that reach the digestive system remain unclear. To better understand the risks, future studies will need to track chemical exposure throughout the body.

Patil said: “Now we’ve started discovering these interactions in a laboratory setting it’s important to start collecting more real-world chemical exposure data, to see if there are similar effects in our bodies.”

Until more is known, the researchers recommend simple steps to reduce exposure, such as washing fruits and vegetables before eating them and avoiding the use of pesticides in home gardens.

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This CRISPR breakthrough turns genes on without cutting DNA

Scientists at UNSW Sydney have developed a new form of CRISPR technology that could make gene therapy safer while also resolving a decades-long debate about how genes are switched off. The research shows that small chemical markers attached to DNA actively silence genes, rather than simply appearing as harmless byproducts in inactive regions of the genome.

For years, researchers have questioned whether methyl groups, tiny chemical clusters that collect on DNA, merely show up where genes are already turned off or whether they are the direct cause of gene suppression.

In a study published recently in Nature Communications, researchers from UNSW, working with colleagues at the St Jude Children’s Research Hospital (Memphis), demonstrated that removing these chemical tags causes genes to become active again. When the tags were added back, the genes shut down once more. The results confirm that DNA methylation directly controls gene activity.

“We showed very clearly that if you brush the cobwebs off, the gene comes on,” says study lead author Professor Merlin Crossley, UNSW Deputy Vice-Chancellor Academic Quality.

“And when we added the methyl groups back to the genes, they turned off again. So, these compounds aren’t cobwebs — they’re anchors.”

How CRISPR Technology Has Evolved

CRISPR, short for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats, is the foundation of modern gene-editing technology. It allows scientists to locate specific DNA sequences and make targeted changes, often replacing faulty genetic code with healthy versions.

The system is based on a natural defense mechanism found in bacteria, which use CRISPR to recognize and cut up the DNA of invading viruses.

Early versions of CRISPR tools worked by cutting DNA to disable malfunctioning genes. Later versions became more precise, allowing scientists to correct individual letters in the genetic code. However, both approaches rely on breaking DNA strands, which can lead to unintended changes and increase the risk of serious side effects.

The latest version, known as epigenetic editing, takes a different approach. Instead of cutting DNA, it targets chemical markers attached to genes inside the nucleus of each cell. By removing methyl groups from genes that have been silenced, researchers can restore gene activity without altering the underlying DNA sequence.

New Possibilities for Treating Sickle Cell Disease

The team believes this approach could lead to safer treatments for Sickle Cell-related diseases. These inherited conditions affect the shape and function of red blood cells, often causing severe pain, organ damage, and shortened life expectancy.

“Whenever you cut DNA, there’s a risk of cancer. And if you’re doing a gene therapy for a lifelong disease, that’s a bad kind of risk,” Prof. Crossley says.

“But if we can do gene therapy that doesn’t involve snipping DNA strands, then we avoid these potential pitfalls.”

Rather than cutting DNA, the new technique uses a modified CRISPR system to deliver enzymes that remove methyl groups. This process releases the genetic brakes that keep certain genes switched off. One key target is the fetal globin gene, which helps deliver oxygen before birth. Reactivating this gene after birth could help bypass defects in the adult globin gene that cause Sickle Cell diseases.

“You can think of the fetal globin gene as the training wheels on a kid’s bike,” says Prof. Crossley. “We believe we can get them working again in people who need new wheels.”

What the Research Shows So Far

So far, all experiments have been carried out in laboratory settings using human cells at UNSW and in Memphis.

Study co-author Professor Kate Quinlan says the findings could have far-reaching implications beyond Sickle Cell disease. Many genetic conditions involve genes that are improperly turned on or off, and adjusting methyl groups may provide a way to correct those problems without damaging DNA.

“We are excited about the future of epigenetic editing as our study shows that it allows us to boost gene expression without modifying the DNA sequence. Therapies based on this technology are likely to have a reduced risk of unintended negative effects compared to first or second generation CRISPR,” she says.

Looking ahead, the researchers describe how the therapy might one day work in practice. Doctors would collect a patient’s blood stem cells, which produce red blood cells. In the lab, epigenetic editing would be used to remove methyl tags from the fetal globin gene, reactivating it. The edited cells would then be returned to the patient, where they could settle into the bone marrow and begin producing healthier blood cells.

The Next Steps in Epigenetic Editing

The research teams at UNSW and St Jude plan to test the approach in animal models and continue exploring additional CRISPR-based tools.

“Perhaps the most important thing is that it is now possible to target molecules to individual genes,” Prof. Crossley says.

“Here we removed or added methyl groups but that is just the beginning, there are other changes that one could make that would increase our abilities to alter gene output for therapeutic and agricultural purposes. This is the very beginning of a new age.”

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Plants can’t absorb as much CO2 as climate models predicted

High levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are a major driver of climate change. At the same time, increased CO2 can encourage plants to grow faster, allowing them to absorb more carbon and potentially slow warming. That benefit, however, depends on whether plants have access to enough nitrogen, a nutrient that is essential for growth. Scientists have only recently taken a closer look at how much nitrogen is actually available in nature. New research involving the University of Graz shows that the so-called CO2 fertilization effect has been significantly overstated.

Plants cannot use nitrogen on their own. The nutrient must first be converted into a usable form through a process called nitrogen fixation, which relies on microorganisms in the soil. This process takes place in natural ecosystems as well as on farmland. “While this process has been significantly overestimated in nature, it has increased by 75 percent over the past 20 years due to agriculture,” says Bettina Weber, a biologist at the University of Graz, summarizing findings from a study published earlier this year.

Building on those results, a new analysis shows that the way nitrogen fixation is calculated in some Earth System models has now been reassessed. These models are widely used to project climate trends and inform major assessments, including the World Climate Report. The updated findings were published in the scientific journal PNAS.

New Findings Prompt Climate Model Revisions

The study was led by Sian Kou-Giesbrecht of Simon Fraser University in Burnaby, Canada. The work was carried out by an international research group focused on biological nitrogen fixation, which includes Bettina Weber. This working group receives support from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) John Wesley Powell Centre for Analysis and Synthesis.

“We compared different Earth System models with current nitrogen fixation values and found that they overestimate the nitrogen fixation rate on natural surfaces by about 50 percent,” Weber explains. Because plants depend on this process to access nitrogen, the overestimate has meaningful consequences. According to the study, it results in an overall reduction of about 11 percent in the projected CO2 fertilization effect.

Why Updating Models Is Critical

Weber emphasizes the importance of adjusting climate models to reflect these updated measurements. “This is because gases such as nitrogen oxides and nitrous oxide are produced as part of the nitrogen cycle. These can be released into the atmosphere through conversion processes and alter or disrupt climate processes.” Accurately accounting for nitrogen dynamics, she says, is essential for making reliable predictions about how ecosystems and the climate will respond in the future.

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