Reform UK has been slammed after it revealed a new policy to put migrant detention facilities in constituencies and councils not controlled by its own representatives.
Days out from the local elections in England, and devolved elections in Wales and Scotland, Reform’s home affairs spokesperson Zia Yusuf declared that a Reform government would “deport all illegal migrants in Britain”.
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While waiting to be deported, the migrants would be housed in detention centres for a “couple of weeks”.
Yusuf claimed: “A Reform government will not put any migrant detention facilities in any constituency with a Reform MP.
“Nor will we put them where Reform controls the council.
“And of the remaining areas, we will prioritise Green controlled parliamentary constituencies and Green controlled councils to locate the detention centres.”
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Yusuf said this meant if Reform representatives were voted in, they would “guarantee you won’t have a detention centre near you” – but, “if you vote Green, there’s a good chance you will.”
Reform called this “an important exercise in democratic consent”.
The senior Reform figure added: “Given Zack Polanski openly advocates for open borders, we look forward to their warm embrace of this policy.”
Deputy Green leader Mothin Ali said: “Reform keep making abhorrent announcements to distract voters from they fact they want to privatise the NHS.”
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A Green Party source told HuffPost UK: “The shine is coming off Nigel Farage, his own voters are starting to see him for the establishment stooge he is.”
Green leader Zack Polanski wrote on X: “Reform took a £5m donation and they’re trying to distract you.”
Reform’s announcement comes after party leader Nigel Farage was heavily criticised for pulling out the BBC’s Sunday with Laura Kuenssberg last minute.
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The party claimed Farage was campaigning in his constituency in Clacton.
However, his critics suggested he was evading scrutiny after the Guardian reported that he had received a £5 million donation from a crypto billionaire shortly before he decided to run to be an MP in 2024.
Clarke noted that these detention centres would likely be set up in other areas where the public have not voted for Reform – including Conservative seats.
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He said: “Zia is proposing the siting of detention centres expressly as a form of political punishment for people and places that don’t vote Reform – not just Green, but presumably Conservative, Liberal and Labour too. (And what about Reform voters in those constituencies?)
“It would almost certainly be deemed an abuse of ministerial power for political purposes, and as such would likely be stuck down in court before ever being implemented, wasting millions for the taxpayer without detaining anyone.
“If it were to go ahead, it would still represent an appalling waste of public money as these sites might well not be in any way suitable for the proposed centres, or near the other infrastructure required.
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“What’s worse is that he is doing all this to provoke outrage and draw attention to Reform a few days out from the local elections.
“Reform know what they are doing.
“But this goes beyond a pre-election stunt. It’s declared as a major policy commitment, and should be treated as such.”
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It’s my first day of training at Disney World Orlando, and I am learning how to be Pooh, a big yellow bear who is constantly reminded by guests that he’s not wearing pants. I’ve almost perfected the walk, but these boxy feet are giving me shin splints.
Soon I’ve successfully mastered talking, signing and acting like every character in my height range. If I can prove myself as a fur performer, they’ll upgrade me to a face character, transitioning me from cartoon animal costumes to talking human icons. I have my fingers crossed, because it’s autumn, and despite the cool breeze coming in through my mouth, sticky sweat is pouring out of everywhere else. It’s so hot that the pregnant Donald Duck standing across from me just passed out, and I am not far behind. Welcome to the most magical place on Earth!
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Though I grew up on Disney films, I never imagined myself working for the Mouse. When I was 7, my grandmother made me chop my hair into a bowl cut before she would take me to Disney World. I spent the entire day crying and now I can’t clearly recall a single thing that happened while we were there.
When I was 13, my grandparents enrolled me in vocal lessons with a woman I would later consider a second mother. During our 12 years together, her daughter became a professional singer and started working at Disney as a stage performer before moving on to Broadway and producing her own albums. When it was suggested that I follow in her footsteps, I leapt at the opportunity to move away from home.
A few weeks after my 20th birthday, I sat in an audition hall alongside hundreds of other hopefuls. I was so nervous that I bombed my performance, but I was encouraged to apply as a face character and to return for stage roles when I was ready. I came back eager for a second chance and spent the day getting measured, learning parade dances, showcasing my miming abilities, and delivering the film lines of characters I resembled. While my dance skills weren’t remarkable, I did land the roles of Belle from Beauty and the Beast and Fawn, a fairy from the beloved Tinker Bell franchise, thereby securing myself a ticket to unforgettable experiences.
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I quickly discover that at Disney World, pixie dust is real, except some Tinkerbells take it up the nose instead of sprinkling it on little kids, and one of the guys who plays Prince Charming is rumoured to be on a quest to sleep with a girl from every continent. Thanks to Epcot, he’s more than halfway there. I doubt Walt ever envisioned his creation turning into a buffet for brash men. Meanwhile, the Princess dressing room is abuzz with a rumour that a guy who plays one of the park’s most infamous pirates is giving out golden showers without consent on his days off. I also heard that an employee got fired for getting caught in the bathroom with Mickey’s glove. I shudder to think of how many thousands of germ-ridden hands touched it before it got up close and personal with her mini mouse.
During my first few months working at Disney, I thrive on fast-food meals, a fake celebrity status and late-night outings. I’m staying in a bougie townhouse just outside of Celebration, Florida (a suburb of Orlando that was originally created by the Walt Disney Company), with two other employees for $350 a month each. I move through several parks each week, so the break rooms are always filled with new faces. For now, my closest friends are the photographers and cast assistants who accompany me.
When winter arrives, I finally step into the role of a face character. I discover how to apply fake lashes, glitter and custom wigs. I’m told that my head is two inches smaller than average, that I need Mellow Yellow to cover my hickey, and that tanning is no longer an option. The Cinderella beside me is reprimanded for gaining weight and Ariel is with management to discuss ageing out.
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On my first day as Belle, I feel like a yellow cake topper trapped in a 40-pound ballgown that, despite being laundered hundreds of times, still smells like musk. As the doors to the Princess Room open, my fellow castmates and I are greeted with literal “oohs” and “ahhs.” I wasn’t prepared to do a thousand squats today, nor was I ready for the oblivious mother who plops her baby onto my lap despite the full diaper leaking brown sludge from the sides, who then insists on taking photo after photo. And I am certainly not ready for the father who leans in and asks if I’m into bestiality.
Courtesy of Michalla Brianna
The author playing Belle from “Beauty and the Beast.”
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The Underground is a network of tunnels that serves as a shortcut to anywhere in the park. Performers use it prevent guests from seeing duplicate characters roaming the parks, which would most certainly destroy the illusion that the company is working so hard to keep intact. Because of the sour-smelling sewage running through the pipes overhead, I’m forced to play a perennial game of “dodge the drips”. Disney also offers a cafeteria with various chain restaurants, an onsite gas station, firehouse and medical clinic.
To help preserve the magic of Disney, it is said no one has ever been declared dead on park property, but I’ve heard several people have been decapitated. Tell me how that one works. It’s difficult to know what’s real and what’s not in a world of make believe but I’ve heard plenty more gruesome things have happened in the park. I was told a Tigger was literally run over during a parade and someone else claimed that a Lion King monkey snapped his neck attempting a forward roll in rehearsal. There’s a rumour that Space Mountain has claimed more than its fair share of riders. I don’t know if that’s true, but Splash Mountain was once shut down because a guest thought it would be a good idea to hop out of his boat in the middle of the ride. Long story short: the logs kept moving and the unsuspecting man was crushed as he tried to cross the human-made river.
By spring, I’ve been moved to the sunrise shift. This means that I’m part of the backstage tours, a chance for guests who have paid an obscene amount of money to become disenchanted. They pass by my dressing room, and I’ve never felt more like a zoo animal. No one asks me questions — maybe they’ve been told not to interact with us — and instead I hear:
“Look at her wig!”
“I had no idea she looked like that in real life.”
“Take a picture of those shoes. Oh, right, no cameras allowed. Sorry.”
“Wow, how much do you think those dresses cost to make?”
“Someone needs some coffee.”
Courtesy of Michalla Brianna
The author playing Belle from “Beauty and the Beast.”
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For the next year and a half, the luster continues to fade. I wake up, drag myself out of bed, park in the cast lot, ride the bus behind the gates, run down the tunnel, clock in late, get another warning, grab my costume, do my makeup, walk to my assigned area, listen to hype music while awaiting start time, then walk onto set feeling like a baddie.
Smile. Squat down for kids. Pictures. Squat. Squat. Squat. Smile. See 200 guests per set. Clear the room. Sigh as all smiles flatline. Walk off set. Change into break-room attire. Watch Disney films on the couch. Eat Subway. Nap. Fix makeup. Redress. Repeat four times, with each interval lasting 45 to 85 minutes.
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I am allowed to go into the parks during my breaks to watch parades, get ice cream, ride coasters, or shop the gift stores, but I never feel the desire to abandon my bubble, not even when auditions for Disney Tokyo and Paris are announced. This is a job, after all. When work is done, I leave, pick up hibachi, and look forward to being home in my pyjamas.
Still, I make lifelong friends, and we take Disney cruises together, and dance our way through confetti and vodka in Florida clubs where our glitter-covered faces seem right at home.
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One day at the end of my second year, I’m playing Fawn, a rough-and-tumble tomboy fairy who can talk to animals. I climb plastic trees that overlook painted sunsets until I reach popcorn ceilings, which seem to stare back at me and say, “Grow up.” But here, in Neverland, I don’t have to.
We have a meet-and-greet with a Make-A-Wish child within the first hour. After being dressed up by Fairy Godmothers, she’s wheeled in, and we surround her with gentle coos. They shut off the timer hidden in the upper right-hand corner of the room. It usually serves as a strict guest counter to make sure we hit our numbers. For now, however, it’s dark.
We take our time asking her questions about her interests and dreams. We compliment her sparkling shoes and the Mickey ears perched atop her radiation scars until it’s time to say goodbye. She’s on her way to the real Neverland, so we huddle together as our wings tremble with the emotions we’ve been holding back.
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We typically meet with over 1,000 people per day. We are not told to hug children for as long as they want because we have a line to get through and quotas to meet. So we cherish moments like this, when time slows down and we are reminded of why we are here. It is our duty and honor to bring magic into the lives of both children and adults.
Some days, it is easy to shrug off or make light of this mission. On other days, an encounter with someone like this little girl settles like wet concrete in my gut and I have a hard time recovering from how unfair life feels. Unfortunately, I have to get back to work, and our customers don’t want to see a devastated fairy.
Courtesy of Michalla Brianna
The author playing Fawn.
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I can’t see any way to rise up the ranks at Disney World unless I moved into management, which I don’t want to do. Every day I feel more trapped beneath the wigs and pinned down by the costumes. The feeling that I’m suffocating behind the grinning masks is more constant. My panic attacks become too frequent and difficult to control, but I don’t want to take the anxiety medication I’m offered. I realise it’s time for me to move on.
On my last day, Peter Pan is a special guest in our Pixie Hollow. No one knows that Peter is my favourite representation of dreams, imagination and eternal possibilities. As the room closes and the secret set walls open to return us to human life, I pause because I realise what these last few steps mean. As if it has all suddenly become real, Peter reaches out his hand to me.
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“All it takes is faith and trust,” he says, as we skip out one last time. I almost believe him.
Courtesy of Michalla Brianna
The author (middle) with her husband (right) and a friend at Disney on Halloween.
Disney’s economy has rarely suffered because there will always be people who seek safety in nostalgia. Visitors can interact with — or even become — the characters they admire, remember what it feels like to believe in happy endings, and live vicariously through the joy of their children.
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I worked at Disney for three years, and I didn’t learn a thing about myself. Disney is like high school. It solidified my identity through cliques, but did not expand it. Being a character is not all it’s cracked up to be, and making magic is not the same as experiencing it.
These days, I see Disney as a glittering pink castle placed atop a stagnant Florida marsh. You can dress it up all you want, but at the end of the day, it’s still hot, crowded and overrated. The fantasy only works when it’s carefully maintained, and someone always has to be backstage or sweating inside a costume to hold the illusion together.
If you are headed there tomorrow, go. Let yourself believe in magic. Take pictures, cry at the fireworks, hold your child’s hand a little longer than you normally might. Don’t listen to me — I never loved Disney to begin with, so I couldn’t fall out of love with it when I left.
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I still enjoy watching my husband, who is new to the “wonderful world of Disney,” explore the parks. I still find myself talking like Belle when I’m on a professional call, and Fawn will always be a part of me. I watch most of the Disney films, because, as intended, they bring me comfort and inspiration.
Knowing what I know now has not ruined Disney for me. I see it as I always did: a theme park designed for entertainment and escapism. I am disappointed that I didn’t find anything magical while I worked there, but I guess that’s the point: There is no real magic behind the curtain, only what we create in front of it.
Michalla Brianna is an author, CEO/founder of Barrie Patch Books & The Healing Arts LLC, as well as an executive producer, podcast host, clinical counsellor, and expressive arts therapist. She holds five university degrees in creative writing and psychology. This essay is part of a memoir told in vignettes.
Medications used to treat type 2 diabetes and obesity, including well-known brands like Ozempic and Wegovy, may offer unexpected mental health benefits. These drugs belong to a class called GLP-1 receptor agonists, and a large new study found they are linked to fewer psychiatric hospital visits and less time off work due to mental health conditions. The research was conducted by scientists from the University of Eastern Finland, Karolinska Institutet in Sweden, and Griffith University in Australia.
Conditions like obesity and diabetes are often connected with a higher risk of depression, anxiety, and other mental health challenges. At the same time, people with psychiatric disorders are more likely to develop metabolic diseases. Because of this two-way relationship, researchers have been exploring whether treatments for physical health conditions might also influence mental well-being.
Large Study Tracks Nearly 100,000 People
To investigate this, researchers analyzed data from Swedish national health registers, following nearly 100,000 individuals between 2009 and 2022. More than 20,000 participants had used GLP-1 medications during that time. This large dataset allowed scientists to compare periods when people were taking the drugs with periods when they were not.
Significant Reductions in Depression, Anxiety, and Hospital Care
The findings showed a strong link between GLP-1 drug use and improved mental health outcomes. The use of GLP-1 medications — particularly semaglutide, the active ingredient in Ozempic and Wegovy — was associated with fewer psychiatric hospital visits and reduced sickness absence.
During times when people were taking semaglutide, psychiatric-related hospital care and sick leave dropped by 42% compared with periods when they were not using these medications. The risk of depression was 44% lower, while anxiety disorders were reduced by 38%.
Lower Risk of Substance Use and Suicidal Behavior
The study also found notable reductions in substance use disorders. Hospital care and work absence linked to substance use were 47% lower during periods of semaglutide use. In addition, GLP-1 receptor agonists were associated with a reduced risk of suicidal behavior.
One of the study’s authors, Professor Mark Taylor from Griffith University, says such results were to be expected: “An earlier study examining Swedish registers found the use of GLP-1 medications to be associated with a reduced risk of alcohol use disorder. Alcohol-related problems often have downstream effects on mood and anxiety, so we expected the effect to be positive on these as well.”
Why Might These Drugs Affect the Brain?
Even so, the strength of the results surprised the researchers. Because the study relied on registry data, it cannot prove exactly how or why these medications influence mental health.
“Because this is a registry-based study, we cannot determine exactly why or how these medications affect mood symptoms, but the association was quite strong. It is possible that, in addition to factors such as reduced alcohol consumption, weight loss-related improvements in body image, or relief associated with better glycemic control in diabetes, there may also be direct neurobiological mechanisms involved — for example, through changes in the functioning of the brain’s reward system,” says Research Director, Docent Markku Lähteenvuo from the University of Eastern Finland.
Published in a Leading Psychiatry Journal
The findings were published in The Lancet Psychiatry, a leading journal in the field. While some earlier studies on GLP-1 drugs and mental health have produced mixed results, many of those were smaller in scale. This large, long-term analysis adds stronger evidence that these widely used medications could have broader effects beyond managing blood sugar and weight.
In a new study, SFI Professor David Wolpert, SFI Fractal Faculty member Carlo Rovelli, and physicist Jordan Scharnhorst take a fresh look at a famous and unsettling idea in physics and cosmology known as the “Boltzmann brain” hypothesis. This concept suggests that our memories, perceptions, and observations might not reflect a real past at all. Instead, they could have formed randomly through fluctuations in entropy, giving the appearance of a coherent history that never actually occurred.
The puzzle comes from a deep tension within statistical physics. A key foundation for understanding why time seems to move in one direction is Boltzmann’s H theorem, a central principle in statistical mechanics tied to the second law of thermodynamics. That law explains why entropy tends to increase over time, giving us a sense of past and future.
However, the H theorem itself is time-symmetric, meaning it does not prefer one direction of time over another. This creates a surprising implication. From a strictly formal standpoint, it is more probable for the patterns that make up our memories and observations to arise from random entropy fluctuations than from a real sequence of past events. Put simply, physics appears to allow the possibility that our memories are not reliable records but instead detailed illusions produced by chance. This unsettling idea is what defines the Boltzmann brain hypothesis.
How Assumptions About Time Shape the Debate
To better understand this problem, the researchers built a formal framework that examines how different assumptions affect conclusions about entropy and memory. Their work connects the Boltzmann brain hypothesis, the second law of thermodynamics, and the related “past hypothesis,” which assumes the universe began in a state of low entropy.
A crucial issue is which points in time are treated as fixed when analyzing how entropy evolves. Some approaches take the current state of the universe as given and work outward from there. Others assume a low-entropy starting point at the Big Bang. Importantly, the laws of physics do not specify which of these perspectives is correct, leaving room for interpretation.
Circular Reasoning in Entropy and Memory Arguments
The study introduces what the authors call the “entropy conjecture” to highlight a key problem in many existing arguments. They show that discussions about entropy, time, and memory often rely on subtle circular reasoning. In these cases, assumptions about the past are used to support conclusions, such as the reliability of memory or the direction in which entropy increases. Those same conclusions are then used to justify the original assumptions.
Rather than settling the debate, the researchers focus on making these hidden structures clear. By separating the role of physical laws from the assumptions we use to interpret them, the study provides a more transparent way to think about long-standing questions surrounding time, entropy, and the nature of memory.
A senior minister has torn into anyone considering challenging Keir Starmer’s leadership, saying rivals must “give their heads a gentle wobble”.
Labour is expected to take a beating when voters across the UK head to the ballot box for England’s local elections and devolved elections in Scotland and Wales.
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According to widespread reports, senior Labour figures – including health secretary Wes Streeting, former deputy PM Angela Rayner and Greater Manchester mayor Andy Burnham – could be looking to topple Starmer if the party receives devastating results next week.
But Transport secretary Heidi Alexander stood by her boss on Sky News, urging challengers not to turn Labour into a “self-indulgent debating society”.
She said: “I think Keir is the best person to lead our country through the period of extreme international volatility that we are experiencing at the moment.
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“I don’t think the public would thank us if the Labour Party turned into some sort of self-indulgent debating society when there are pockets of the world that feel like they are going to hell in a hand cart at the moment.”
She pointed to Starmer’s efforts to reopen the Strait of Hormuz, the major oil shipping lane which has been impacted by the US’s war in Iran.
“I think asking the prime minister to somehow reapply for his job while all of that is going on and he is entirely focused on the concerns of the British people would be the wrong thing to do,” Alexander said.
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“I think those people who think we should have a leadership election now and repeat the mistakes that the Conservative government made in churning through prime ministers probably do need to give their head a gentle wobble at the moment.”
She claimed Starmer is “determined” to take what he has learned from the last two years in office and build a “stronger and fairer country for everyone”.
Asked if Alexander was sending that message to leadership rivals, she said: “This is about what the Labour Party needs to do to put the country first.
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“We were elected in 2024 to deliver the change that the country was crying out for after Covid, Brexit, Liz Truss and Kwasi Kwarteng and 14 years of Conservative government.”
“Change is going to take time,” she said, adding: “Does that mean we’re going to get a dopamine hit every couple of months? No it doesn’t. But does it mean we are going to put this country on the right path, yes, I do believe that.”
Work and pensions secretary Pat McFadden, questioned the prime minister’s judgment over the controversy.
Energy secretary Ed Miliband also admitted he and former foreign secretary David Lammy had both expressed concerns over Mandelson’s appointment before the ex-Labour peer became the UK’s ambassador to the US.
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But if you want to strengthen your calves and shins, either for running or just for better mobility, some experts, like physical therapist Dr Jo, reccomend “heel walking”.
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In the caption of a YouTube video, they shared: “Walking on heels is a great exercise for helping with lower leg injuries and muscle imbalances. It can also help with ankle pain and plantar fasciitis.”
What are heel walks?
Happily, it doesn’t involve walking in high heels.
They’re performed by lifting your toes and the balls of your feet up and walking on a flat surface on your heels. You can go forward or backwards with your feet hip-width apart, physical therapist group Therapeutic Associates Inc shared.
They should be short, small steps. “The aim is to point your toes as much as you can towards the ceiling so there is as much dorsiflexion in the ankle as possible,” said Runna.
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You should keep your upper body tall with your eyes looking straight forward. Tuck your elbows in and let your arms follow your leg movements.
Theraputic Associates Inc added, “you may want to perform this exercise to fatigue as in, you can’t keep your toes up off the ground anymore and exhaust the shin muscles”.
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What are the benefits of heel walks?
Runna explained that, “Heel walks are a very simple but effective warm-up exercise for the muscle that runs along the front of the shin bone (tibialis anterior).”
This is responsible for keeping your feet lifted and preventing a condition called “foot drop”. Calling it an “underappreciated muscle,” Mirafit added that a strong tibialis anterior contributes to healthy movements of the lower leg which are “all essential when it comes to everyday life and specifically when walking and hiking.”
It may help to prevent shin splints, increase your balance and mobility, and reduce your risk of overuse injuries because they make you better at absorbing shocks, they continued.
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Heel walks also stretch your calf muscles and strengthen the flexors in your foot, Runna said.
Heidi Alexander has slammed Zack Polanski over his “abhorrent” criticism of the police response to the Golders Green terror attack.
Shilome Rand, 34, and Moshe Shine, 76, were left seriously injured in what police have described as a terrorist incident in north west London on Wednesday.
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Polanski, the Green Party leader, attracted backlash this week after he reshared a post on X which suggested officers may have used too much force to detain the suspect.
But the transport secretary still slammed the London Assembly member during an interview on Sky News.
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Alexander said: “I thought it was disgusting what he [Polanski] did and absolutely abhorrent.
“Those police officers ran towards danger, they were armed only with a Taser that they had already discharged. The guy still had a knife in his hand.”
The minister continued: “I think for the leader of a political party to jump onto Twitter, start retweeting content, criticising those policemen who responded with incredible bravery in what was a very difficult situation. I think it demonstrates that the man is not fit to lead a political party.”
Prime minister Keir Starmer already hit out at Polanski’s comments on Friday, saying his comments were “disgraceful”.
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The Green Party’s leader in Wales, Anthony Slaughter, also questioned the wisdom of Polanski’s action on social media, calling it “inappropriate”.
Polanski’s apology on Friday read: “Everyone in leadership has a responsibility for lowering the temperature at a time of such tension, and I apologise for sharing a tweet in haste.
“Police responses to emergency situations such as these do need later reflection in the right forums, but I accept that social media is not the appropriate channel for doing so.
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“I have invited Mark Rowley to meet with me to discuss the police response and the wider issues raised in his letter.”
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Astronomers at the University of Warwick have confirmed more than 100 exoplanets, including 31 newly identified worlds, using a new artificial intelligence system. The team applied this tool to data from NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), a mission that scans the sky for slight dips in starlight that occur when a planet crosses in front of its host star.
Their findings, published in MNRAS, are based on a detailed analysis of observations from more than 2.2 million stars gathered during TESS’s first four years. The researchers focused on planets that orbit very close to their stars, completing a full orbit in less than 16 days. This approach has produced one of the most precise measurements yet of how common these short-period planets are.
“Using our newly developed RAVEN pipeline, we were able to validate 118 new planets, and over 2,000 high-quality planet candidates, nearly 1,000 of them entirely new,” said first author Dr. Marina Lafarga Magro, Postdoctoral Researcher at the University of Warwick. “This represents one of the best characterized samples of close in planets and will help us identify the most promising systems for future study.”
Rare and Extreme Planet Types Identified
The newly confirmed planets include several especially interesting categories. Some are ultra-short-period planets that circle their stars in under 24 hours. Others belong to the so-called ‘Neptunian desert,’ a region where few planets are expected to exist based on current theories. The study also revealed tightly packed multi-planet systems, including previously unknown pairs of planets orbiting the same star.
How RAVEN Improves Planet Detection
Modern planet-hunting missions often flag thousands of possible planets, but determining which signals are genuine remains difficult. Many false signals can mimic planets, including eclipsing binary stars.
“The challenge lies in identifying if the dimming is indeed caused by a planet in orbit around the star or by something else, like eclipsing binary stars, which is what RAVEN tries to answer. Its strength stems from our carefully created dataset of hundreds of thousands of realistically simulated planets and other astrophysical events that can masquerade as planets. We trained machine learning models to identify patterns in the data that can tell us the type of event we have detected, something that AI models excel at.” said Warwick’s Dr. Andreas Hadjigeorghiou, who led the development of the pipeline.
“In addition, RAVEN is designed to handle the whole process in one go, from detecting the signal, to vetting it with machine learning and statistically validating it. This gives the pipeline an additional edge over contemporary tools that only focus on specific parts of the workflow.”
Dr. David Armstrong, Associate Professor at Warwick and senior co-author on the RAVEN studies, added: “RAVEN allows us to analyse enormous datasets consistently and objectively. Because the pipeline is well-tested and carefully validated, this is not just a list of potential planets — it is also reliable enough use as a sample to map the prevalence of distinct types of planets around Sun-like stars.”
Measuring How Common Planets Really Are
With this carefully validated dataset, the researchers were able to go beyond individual discoveries and examine broader patterns. In a companion MNRAS study, they measured how often close-in planets occur around Sun-like stars, mapping results by orbital period and planet size with an unprecedented level of detail.
The results show that about 9-10% of Sun-like stars host a close-in planet. This aligns with earlier findings from NASA’s Kepler mission — a space telescope that previously measured planet occurrence rates, but the new analysis reduces uncertainties by up to a factor of ten.
The team also made the first direct measurement of how rare ‘Neptunian desert’ planets are, finding that they appear around just 0.08% of Sun-like stars.
“For the first time, we can put a precise number on just how empty this ‘desert’ is,” said Dr. Kaiming Cui, Postdoctoral Researcher at Warwick and first author of the population study. “These measurements show that TESS can now match, and in some cases surpass, Kepler for studying planetary populations.”
A New Era for Planet Discovery
Together, these studies highlight how advances in artificial intelligence are transforming astronomy. By combining massive datasets with machine learning, researchers can uncover new planets while also improving the tools themselves through challenging real-world data.
The team has also released interactive catalogs and tools so other scientists can explore the results and identify promising targets for follow-up observations using ground-based telescopes and future missions such as ESA’s PLATO.
What Is RAVEN
RAVEN is an automated system designed to address one of astronomy’s biggest challenges, turning enormous volumes of space telescope data into reliable discoveries. It scans data from millions of stars to find the tiny drops in brightness caused by planets passing in front of them. The system then uses artificial intelligence trained on realistic simulations to filter out false signals such as binary stars or instrument noise, before statistically confirming the strongest candidates.
Importantly, RAVEN also evaluates which types of planets are easier or harder to detect, helping researchers correct for hidden biases. This means it not only speeds up the discovery of new worlds but also produces cleaner, more reliable datasets that can be used to answer larger questions about how common different kinds of planets are across the galaxy.