Autism Goes Undiagnosed In About 90% Of Over-40s. I Asked Experts How To Spot It

You might have heard that autism diagnoses are on the rise in the UK. Some even argue it’s being “overdiagnosed”.

But the National Autistic Society says that about 750,000 autistic adults in the UK remain undiagnosed. And a 2025 review estimated that 89% of autistic adults over 40 remain undiagnosed, with that figure rising to 96% for over-60s.

Here, HuffPost UK spoke to the review’s author, research fellow and co-leader of the ReSpect Lab, Dr Gavin Stewart, about why those numbers might be so high, and how autism might show up among older adults.

Why are these numbers so high?

Dr Stewart said that in his research, an overwhelming majority of autistic people aged 40 and older remained undiagnosed.

He explained that there are “many reasons” for that.

“First, the diagnostic criteria for autism have greatly evolved over the past several decades. It was originally conceptualised with very narrow diagnostic criteria,” he said.

“This meant that it was a rare condition, affecting around 1 in 3,000 people in the 1960s.”

But as our understanding of autism expanded, he said, so too did the diagnostic criteria; autism is now recognised as a “spectrum affecting around 1 in 100 to 1 in 33 people.

“This means that many middle-aged and older people were likely overlooked when they were young as they did not fit the narrow diagnostic criteria being used at the time.”

Some members of this group, however, can go on to get a diagnosis under the new criteria, he added.

Why does it matter if people stay undiagnosed into older age?

Having autism without realising it can affect people’s lives in many ways, the study author told us.

“For some, it might mean that they are not able to access help and support that would be available to them if they did have a diagnosis. For example, autistic people often benefit from additional support while as a child in school, or as an adult when in higher education or in employment.”

Their physical health might be affected, too.

“Autistic people often have more complex health support needs, including age-related health conditions as they get older. While accommodations can be made to make healthcare more accessible for autistic people, if the person has not been recognised,” Dr Stewart said.

And a lack of tailored support can take its toll on autistic people’s mental health, too.

“They are more likely to become socially isolated and have poorer well-being, which in turn can lead them to be more susceptible to periods of crisis like suicide.”

What are some signs of undiagnosed autism in over-40s?

Some signs of autism are “common” among both diagnosed and undiagnosed autistic people, said Dr Stewart.

These can include:

1) Social difficulties

“In social situations, an autistic person might find it hard to read what other people are thinking or feeling, and they might struggle to tell when someone is joking or being sarcastic.

“Making and maintaining friendships can feel effortful, and people might
perceive them as being quite blunt or uninterested without meaning to. This might make them feel quite anxious and uncertain in social situations, meaning they prefer to be on their own.”

2) Very consistent and rigid routines

“In daily routines, an autistic person might have a strong preference for sameness, so doing things the same way every time, and when things change, it can be quite distressing,” said Dr Stewart.

3) Special interests

“They may also have very focused interests, which can be beneficial for
some but not always.”

4) Becoming overwhelmed and/or overstimulated often

“They may also find certain sensory environments quite
overwhelming, and notice details that many other people do not, like the way a room smells or the buzzing of overhead lights.”

Dr Stewart noted that some autistic people, especially women, will have learned to “mask”, meaning they “have learned to hide parts of themselves to fit in
better, but this is an effortful process and can have an impact on their wellbeing.”

What if I think I have autism?

Dr Stewart advised speaking to a healthcare professional, like a GP, if you think you might have autism and want to explore an assessment.

“There are also charities and organisations, like the National Autistic Society in the UK, who can provide information about accessing autism assessments as an adult,” he added.

You can reach out to the National Autistic Society through this link.

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6 Signs An Oncologist Says Under-50s Should Never Ignore

Between the ’90s and late 2010s, early-onset cancer diagnoses – those given to people aged between 25 and 49 – rose by 22%.

About 90% of cancers still affect those over 50. But, Dr Jiri Kubes, radiation oncologist and medical director at the Proton Therapy Centre in Prague, said: “We are seeing far more younger patients than we would have expected a decade ago.

“The issue isn’t just that cancers are appearing earlier – it’s that symptoms are often subtle, and many people don’t think cancer is something that could affect them at this age.”

Here, he shared the signs people under 50 should look out for.

What symptoms should people under 50 check for?

Dr Kubes said “persistent changes are what matter”.

“Ongoing digestive issues, unexplained weight loss, unusual lumps, changes in bowel habits or fatigue that doesn’t improve should never be ignored – even in your 20s or 30s.”

He added that often, persistence can matter more than severity: “If something lasts weeks rather than days, it deserves attention.”

He warned to keep an eye out for:

  1. Persistent changes in bowel habits

  2. Unexplained weight loss

  3. Ongoing fatigue that doesn’t improve with rest

  4. Lumps or swelling that doesn’t go away

  5. Frequent headaches or neurological changes

  6. Unusual bleeding or pain that persists.

Dr Kubes added: “Many early cancers are painless. Waiting for pain before acting is one of the biggest mistakes people make.”

Why might some cancers be developing sooner?

We don’t know for sure. But Dr Kubes said modern life has changed “dramatically”.

“Sedentary behaviour, poor sleep, ultra-processed foods, obesity and chronic inflammation are all being studied as possible contributors,” he explained.

But, he added, the point isn’t to create panic. “The goal is awareness, not fear,” he stated.

“When cancers are detected early, treatment is usually simpler, more effective and far less disruptive to quality of life… that’s especially important for younger patients who have decades of life ahead of them.”

What should I do if I think I have one of these symptoms?

Dr Kubes said it’s a good idea to trust your instincts if you feel something is off.

“If something feels wrong and it doesn’t go away, get it checked… being proactive is not overreacting. Early action saves lives.”

After all, he added, early detection is key: “Cancer is no longer just an older person’s disease – but early detection means outcomes have never been better.”

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This Trend Is Exploding Among Millennials And Gen Z – And Honestly, It’s Worth Celebrating

As more research emerges about the harmful health effects of alcohol, fewer people – namely, younger people – are consuming it.

According to a 2025 Gallup poll, 54% of American adults say they drink, the lowest percentage since Gallup started polling.

With fewer folks relying on alcohol as a social lubricant, a healthier way to interact with others has gained traction. Enter “daylife”, a term coined by the fitness social app Sweatpals.

“Daylife” refers to daytime social outings involving alcohol-free fitness as a way to meet new people with similar interests.

“It’s just the concept of using wellness, using movement as a way to meet, as a way to get entertainment and to socialise, versus relying on alcohol,” Sweatpals co-founder Salar Shahini told HuffPost.

People are certainly still using alcohol-fuelled gatherings to meet new people, whether at a happy hour or a full-on party. But it’s less popular among young millennials and members of Gen Z as they drink less than older generations.

Shahini thinks this shift is partly due to the Covid-19 pandemic. “During Covid, all we could do for a few years was get together outside and just move and work out.”

For younger generations, that type of activity became the norm, Shahini said. During the pandemic, at-home fitness equipment and at-home fitness apps also surged in popularity.

But now, community-based fitness such as Hyrox competitions (which are commonly team-based) and run clubs are only becoming more popular – proof that people are looking for community.

“And we’re going to see more of that,” Shahini predicted.

More and more young people are turning to social gatherings that don't center alcohol.

Willie B. Thomas via Getty Images

More and more young people are turning to social gatherings that don’t center alcohol.

“Daylife” allows people to make new friends without centering alcohol

People who are drawn to daylife-aligned activities want to meet people and want to go out, but don’t want social gatherings to be centered on drinking, according to Shahini.

Research shows that alcohol consumption is linked to a higher risk of cancer, including colorectal cancer and breast cancer and an increased risk of dementia.

Beyond the health impacts, Kathryn Cross, a licensed professional counsellor with Thriveworks in Atlanta, said people are avoiding alcohol for its mental health impact, too.

“We are seeing that people are starting to prioritise other activities and other forms of socialisation just because we are in a season where everybody, for different reasons, is feeling heavy and alcohol tends to highlight heaviness in many different ways,” Cross said, “whether that’s aggression, irritability, sadness, it kind of traps people in their mind a little bit, and people are trying to find a better outlet for being so internalised in their thoughts.”

Shahini added that people are aware of the side effects of drinking alcohol – hangovers, bad sleep, getting drunk, bad decisions – which is also leading this shift.

Movement-based social gatherings lead to feelings of joy and accomplishment

“When you work out and feel that high that comes from working out … you keep feeling better. I think that’s much more interesting,” Shahini said.

People want to take care of themselves, he noted, which is a major feature of the run clubs, Pilates classes and other fitness activities that are booming in popularity right now. And while exercise helps you build muscle, bone strength and cardiovascular fitness, it also has measurable mental health benefits.

“Exercise stimulates the release of endorphins, the feel-good hormones in your body, which would help reduce the symptoms of anxiety and depression,” Cross said.

Joining a fitness class or run club to meet people already gives you a baseline level of connection

If you go to a certain gym or certain fitness club, you already have something in common with the other people there, Shahini said. You have similar fitness interests and you probably live in the same area.

This makes it easier to build a friendship with someone. Think about it: You can bring up your latest workout or your new fitness goal with another person who understands the kinds of workouts you do.

Social connections help us feel less isolated, Cross added, which is necessary in a country that has an epidemic of isolation and loneliness.

If you want to try out daylife, start with gyms in your area – sign up for classes on the same day and time each week so you eventually get to know the people who go to the gym then. You can also look at local groups on Facebook to learn more about local Pilates groups, running clubs and more, Cross noted.

When you do eventually make it out to one of these fitness groups, don’t be nervous about meeting or talking to new people. As mentioned above, you already have something in common.

Plus, “everyone is looking for an opportunity to feel seen by others, and everyone could use connections,” said Cross.

Help and support:

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How To Tell If Rice Is Perfectly Cooked With A Single Glance

Cooking rice sounds easy, but making it truly perfect is surprisingly challenging.

Experts say that rinsing the grains, picking great varieties, and even cooking rice in the oven can help you to achieve fluffy bliss at home.

But even though I pride myself on my stovetop method, which took years to perfect, I still sometimes find that the side is more or less cooked than I expected after completing the absorption method.

This involves letting rice steam in a lidded pot with the hob turned off for at least 10 minutes after all the water has boiled out of the pan.

According to one chef, though, a simple sight test can confirm whether your rice is perfectly cooked or not.

If rice stands up, it’s perfectly cooked, says chef

Sometimes, once the water has cooked away, I notice that the grains of rice in my saucepan all “stand up” at the top, as if they’re looking up at me.

According to chef and teacher Erica Wides, that’s a sign it’s been perfectly steamed.

Like me, she lets the rice sit for 10 minutes after cooking it, so that the steam trapped under the lid makes it “fluffy”.

Once it was done, she showed her Instagram followers a pan full of rice which, also like mine, seemed to be standing on its end.

“You see how these rice grains are actually standing up, like, at attention?” she said. “That’s how you know that this is properly-cooked rice.”

It likely happens when the grains are steamed at the end of cooking. However, it’s not the only way to test its doneness.

How else can I tell if rice is cooked?

If you ask the late Julia Child, the secret lies under the channels (gaps) that steam makes in the rice as it cooks.

In a video showcasing the technique, she previously said: “If you notice, there are those little holes… but you can still see… liquid” at their base when the rice isn’t cooked.

But, she added, when the rice is done, you can “lift up an edge [of rice] and tilt the pan, and if there’s no liquid there” that means it’s good to go.

BBC Good Food, meanwhile, advises: “Check the rice is cooked at the end by trying a grain – this should also be indicated by the appearance of small holes on the surface and all the water having been absorbed.”

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New Twice-Yearly Injections May ‘Help Millions’ With High Blood Pressure

As part of a global trial called KARDIA-2, researchers injected people with hard-to-treat high blood pressure with a medication called zilebesiran.

This is designed to be administered every six months.

It was given to 663 people with poorly-managed hypertension (high blood pressure) alongside their existing treatment.

The participants’ hypertension was not well managed with their existing medication.

The results, published in JAMA Network, suggest these injections may have the potential to “help millions with high blood pressure”, Queen Mary University of London, whose researchers led the study, said.

What did the injections do?

In this study, participants were given a dose of zilebesiran alongside their usual treatment.

Zilebesiran stops the production of a protein called angiotensinogen in the liver. Blocking that protein helps blood vessels to relax, thus lowering blood pressure.

The hypertension of the participants in this study was better-managed with the assistance of angiotensinogen injections alongside the “normal” medication, which, for one reason or another, was not working optimally for them.

The drug, which is far longer-lasting than medication which patients may have to take daily, matters because blood pressure is both hard to spot and vital to consistently treat.

It can lead to heart attacks and strokes if left unmanaged. It usually has no symptoms and is “very common,” the NHS said.

It affects about one in three UK adults.

What’s next?

KARDIA-3, a follow-up project, will investigate the effects of zilebesiran on people with high blood pressure and established cardiovascular disease, as well as people at risk of heart conditions.

And a large global outcomes study is set later this year to see how it affects stroke, heart disease, and cardiovascular event risk.

The study’s lead investigator, Dr Manish Saxena, said: “Hypertension is a global health concern as blood pressure control rates remain poor and is a leading cause of heart attacks and strokes.

“This study demonstrates the efficacy and safety of zilebesiran when added to commonly used first-line blood pressure-lowering drugs. The novelty of this treatment is its long duration; giving just one injection every six months could help millions of patients to better manage their condition.”

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Ask A Pharmacist: Why Does My Cold Keep Coming Back?

Cold and flu season is miserable enough without raised norovirus cases and talk of “super flu”.

In fact, I know three people who’ve had colds on and off for the past two months or so – just as it seems to get better, new symptoms start to reappear.

Speaking to HuffPost UK previously, Dr Suzanne Wylie, GP and medical adviser for IQdoctor, said it’s quite common to see “a combination of genuine influenza, circulating Covid-19 variants, RSV, and other viral illnesses that overlap in symptoms and timing”.

Here, the superintendent pharmacist and director of Pyramid Pharmacy Group, Amir Bhogal, explains why colds can recur and what to do about it.

1) Chronic stress

Stress can wreak havoc on your immune system, the pharmacist said.

“When you’re under sustained pressure, your body produces elevated levels of cortisol, a stress hormone that actively suppresses your immune response. This reduces the production of white blood cells responsible for fighting infections, making them less effective at responding to threats.

“Due to this, you can become more susceptible to catching colds, and your body may struggle to clear infections once they’ve taken hold.”

If possible, try to rest and de-stress if your colds keep coming back.

2) Poor sleep

Sleep is key to recovery, Bhogal added.

“During deep sleep, your body increases production of cytokines, proteins that play a central role in immune function and inflammation control,” he explained.

“When you’re sleep deprived, this process doesn’t happen properly. Instead, your immune response weakens, and your body loses the opportunity to repair itself. In reality, pushing through a cold whilst maintaining your normal schedule can prolong your symptoms and make it harder for your body to recover fully.”

Getting seven to nine hours of sleep is crucial, if you can – try “painkillers, saline rinses, or throat lozenges” if symptoms keep you up at night.

3) Smoking

This not only affects your immune system, the expert said, but also “compromises lung function, making it harder for your body to clear infections”.

Additionally, “smokers typically experience worse symptoms and longer recovery times”.

Immune system recovery happens impressively quickly after quitting smoking, he added.

“When you’re ready to quit, some pharmacies, such as Pyramid Pharmacy Group, offer smoking cessation services which typically include nicotine replacement therapy as well as ongoing support for those who are struggling with withdrawals.”

4) Booze

Alcohol also harms your immune system. “It reduces the activity of key immune cells involved in fighting infections, while also contributing to dehydration and disrupted sleep, both of which are essential for recovery,” Bhogal said.

Even a little drinking can have an outsized impact, he added, so try to rein it in when you’re not feeling the best.

5) Close contact environments

Parents are all too aware how easily diseases spread in close contact environments like schools and nurseries.

This is true, Bhogal said, for places like open-plan offices too.

“If you’re regularly exposed to others who are unwell, you’re at higher risk of catching successive colds, rather than dealing with one persistent infection,” he said.

To avoid this, make sure to practise good hand hygiene, keep your distance from visibly unwell people, and stay home if you’re sick yourself.

6) Underlying health conditions

Sometimes, recurring colds can signal something else is going on with your immune system, said Bhogal.

“Immunocompromised individuals are more susceptible to infections and may take longer to recover. Beyond that, viral infections can also lead to secondary bacterial infections like acute bronchitis or sinus infections, which require different treatment approaches,” he said.

“If your symptoms aren’t improving after two weeks, seeking guidance from a qualified medical professional is sensible. They can rule out complications and identify underlying causes of repeat infection.”

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4 Ways To Strengthen Your ‘Psychological Immune System’

You probably have some idea about how to help your immune system. Eating well, exercising, and getting enough of certain vitamins can help.

But what about your “psychological immune system”?

The term, which was first coined in the ’90s, suggests our minds could have protective mechanisms, including cognitive “antibodies,” similar to those which protect us from phsyical disease.

Here, we asked Dr William Van Gordon, Associate Professor in Contemplative Psychology at the University of Derby, what the term means, as well as how to strengthen ours.

What is the “psychological immune system”?

“The psychological immune system is a concept developed by psychologists Daniel Gilbert and Timothy Wilson in the late 1990s.

“It describes the brain’s automatic, largely unconscious defences that protect emotional well-being in the face of negative events, much like how the physical immune system fights pathogens,” Dr Van Gordon told us.

Some feel that having a stronger “psychological immune system” can help us to weather negative events, even those you anticipate would be devastating.

“These processes help us to reframe setbacks positively, restore self-worth, diminish the intensity and duration of distress, and recover more quickly than we typically predict,” the professor added.

“We often overestimate how devastated we will feel after failures, rejections, or losses because we underestimate this built-in resilience system.”

How can I boost my “psychological immune system”?

Dr Van Gordon shared “four strategies that can strengthen your psychological immune system and improve emotional recovery and calmness”.

These are:

1) Shift from negative to neutral

“Counter the brain’s natural negativity bias by deliberately moving toward a balanced, neutral perspective rather than trying to force positivity,” the professor said.

Our mind’s negativity bias means we pay more attention to negative thoughts and experiences than we do positive ones, potentially skewing our views.

“Use simple grounding tools such as brief mantras (‘This too shall pass’), short gratitude reflections, recalling times you’ve overcome similar challenges, or slow diaphragmatic breathing to calm the nervous system.”

2) Anchor in the present

“Focus attention on what is controllable right now to interrupt rumination about the past or anxiety about the future,” said the expert.

“Build small daily habits of mindfulness (for example, one to two minutes of breath awareness), protect sleep quality to restore cognitive clarity, and create routines that break negative thought loops and restore motivation, such as morning journaling or quick walks.”

3) Reconnect with meaning and purpose

“When adversity strikes, reframe the situation through your core values or long-term goals; for example, by viewing a difficult experience as an opportunity to grow skills or character,” he continued.

Having a longer-term sense of purpose has been linked to greater longevity, mental health benefits aside.

“Practise self-compassion, seek trusted perspectives from others, or visualise how the challenge fits into a bigger, meaningful picture.”

4) Practise healthy acceptance

“Allow difficult emotions to arise without suppression or denial, especially after significant loss or trauma,” Dr Van Gordon ended.

“Recognise that feelings such as sadness or anger carry important signals; treat yourself kindly during the process and, if distress persists, consider professional support rather than forcing ‘positive thinking’ alone.”

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When Will The UK Get 8pm Sunsets Again?

On the last Sunday of March each year, the clocks jump forward one hour at 1am in the UK.

This year, it’ll happen on Sunday, 29 March.

That marks the start of British Summer Time (BST). And because the clocks hop forward, sunsets begin an hour earlier than usual – as the summer sun reaches us, the sunsets will increasingly start later.

Which begs the question of: when oh when will we have 8pm sunsets again?

It depends on where you live

Different parts of the UK will get 8pm sunsets on different dates, depending on where they are placed in relation to the sun’s rays of light.

That means certain parts of the UK may get 8pm sunsets earlier than others. For instance, Fermanagh in Northern Ireland is expected to get an 8pm sunset the day the clocks change (29 March).

For other areas, Time Out shared, the dates are:

  • Edinburgh: April 6

  • Cardiff: April 10

  • Birmingham: April 12

  • London: April 17.

That means those in the capital will have to wait more than two weeks after the clocks change for longer evenings to settle in.

Why does daylight saving time exist?

BST is sometimes called daylight saving time. It didn’t exist until 1916, even though people like Benjamin Franklin had proposed it as far back as 1784.

But builder William Willett advocated for it heavily because he was frustrated to see people “wasting” summer morning light by sleeping through early sunrises.

Eventually, this caught the attention of MP Robert Pearce, though Germany adopted the policy first. The UK took it on weeks later.

Is daylight saving time bad for us?

Some research suggests that the clocks going forward is bad for our health.

Car accidents and heart attacks rise after the change, for instance.

The European Parliament has backed a proposal to scrap it, and the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents has also called for the same many times.

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A Simple Change To Your Commute Could Boost Your Brain, Says Dementia Charity

According to neurologist Dr Richard Restak’s book How To Prevent Dementia, “Cognitive reserve theory refers to the representation stored within the brain of the knowledge, experience, and life events that accumulate during the course of a person’s lifetime”.

The more “cognitive reserve” we have, he explained, the better we might be protected against conditions like dementia. “A lifetime investment in building up cognitive reserve leads to healthy cognition and thinking later in life,” he wrote.

Dr Restak called reading fiction “perhaps the single most effective” way to build this up.

But Alzheimer’s Research UK, who have launched a Think Brain Health campaign this year, are releasing brain teasers to help us build up our reserves, which they say can be done in quiet moments like during your commut.

After all, research suggests that puzzles like crosswords may help to strengthen our minds as we age, too.

Challenging our brains is good for us – but may be falling out of style

Alzheimer’s UK found that only 30% of UK adults do “brain-teasing” activities like soduko and crosswords, while 32% say they do them less often now than they did a year ago.

And even though 71% of us have free time on public transport, 68% of us use that period to scroll through our phones or watch shows, they wrote.

So, the foundation has created a brain teaser to help people fill gaps like those in their schedule. They began by launching an image which hides 40 train station names, created with artist Chris Bishop.

“Research suggests that there are steps we can all take to protect our brain health and build our cognitive reserve, making our brains more resilient no matter what age we start,” Dr Jacqui Hanley, Head of Research at Alzheimer’s Research UK, said.

“If someone with a high cognitive reserve develops dementia, studies have found that they typically experience Alzheimer’s symptoms around five years later than those who don’t regularly challenge their brains.

“It’s never too early to make positive lifestyle changes, and this brain-teasing puzzle is a great way to introduce brain challenges into your daily routine”.

Alzheimer's Research UK

Alzheimer’s Research UK

Alzheimer’s Research UK

How many train station names can you find in this image?

For their first brain teaser, Alzheimer’s Research UK shared an image created with artist Chris Bishop and released with support from Great Western Railway.

It contains 40 hidden train station names in the UK. And if, like me, you find the image truly challenging, Alzheimer’s UK said, “This puzzle has been designed to help you challenge your brain, so don’t worry if you didn’t find them all”.

After all, Dan Panes, Head of External Communications at Great Western Railway, said, “This puzzle had some of our colleagues scratching their heads!”

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There Are Clear Body Language Signs Someone Thinks You Are Annoying

We’ve all been there: mid-story, mid-vent, mid-enthusiastic ramble, and suddenly the other person’s energy shifts. Their smile fades. Their eyes wander down to their phone. Their whole body seems to quietly scream: “Please stop.”

Most of us don’t realise when we’re annoying someone. We just think we’re being ourselves.

We might think we’re offering the type of advice our spouse really needs to hear right now. We think sharing our story from last night’s gym session is just as funny to our friend as it was to us. Or we might (wrongly) assume that filling the silence with the latest story about our cat is a welcomed icebreaker for our co-workers in the break room.

But what might feel normal or relieving to us can feel like irritation to another.

The thing about annoyance is that it’s rarely announced out loud. People – whether on the playground or in the office – are often too polite to say, “Hey, you’re annoying me right now.” Instead, it shows up through subtle changes in posture, facial expressions, tone and attention.

While we might not always be liked by everyone, which is totally normal, if we’re not quick to notice the signs that we’re annoying someone, we might continue not reading the room and further alienate the people around us.

According to the licensed psychologists HuffPost spoke with, these quiet cues are often more honest than words. Here are the body language signs to watch for when you’re annoying someone.

Their face gives them away

Not everyone has a poker face – no matter how hard they might try.

“Annoyance may first appear in a person’s face,” says Dr. Michele Leno, a licensed psychologist and host of Mind Matters with Dr. Michele.

Subtle eye-rolling, a sudden blank expression or looking away while you’re talking – these are all red flags that you’re annoying someone.

“When someone is irritated, their nervous system activates a mild fight-or-flight response,” Leno explained. “Micro-expressions – like an eye roll – are quick, unconscious ways the body tries to release tension.”

In other words: even if they’re still nodding politely, their face may already be telling you how they really feel.

They look at their phone

This one is pretty much universal. “When someone looks at their phone, it often shows boredom or annoyance,” Samantha Whiten, a clinical psychologist, told HuffPost. “They’re using a socially sanctioned way to get out of talking to you and hoping you take the hint.”

In today’s always connected culture, phones provide an easy escape. But when someone is genuinely interested in you, they stay engaged, and if they do get interrupted, they usually apologise and try to come back to the conversation.

If you continuously encounter someone gazing down at their phone when you open your mouth, chances are, you annoy them.

If you continuously encounter someone gazing down at their phone when you open your mouth, chances are, you annoy them.

Dejan Marjanovic via Getty Images

If you continuously encounter someone gazing down at their phone when you open your mouth, chances are, you annoy them.

They start distancing themselves

If someone is annoyed with you, you may feel them pulling away – emotionally, physically or both.

“Did they walk away when you entered the room? Did they indirectly refuse to engage in conversation with you? If so, you may annoy them,” Leno said.

They may avoid you by declining invitations that include you. Texts might become sporadic or ultimately leave you on read.

It’s hard not to take this behaviour personally, but as Leno notes, people typically act like this when they feel “overwhelmed, and in an effort to protect their personal space, they keep their distance.

A person’s emotional bandwidth may not accommodate anxiety-producing situations, so they remove themselves as needed.”

They sigh, fidget or take deep breaths

Those exaggerated inhales you heard from your co-worker when you started talking about your latest Netflix obsession? They’re not random.

“We need to protect our well-being at all times,” Leno said. So behaviours like deep breaths, fidgeting or shifting in place, she said, are all physical attempts to calm the nervous system and reset when tension is building, aka when you’re annoying someone.

If someone suddenly starts sighing or picking at their fingernails while you’re talking, it may be their body signalling overload.

Their arms cross over their chest

Seeing someone with crossed arms doesn’t necessarily mean you have to hike up the thermostat at work – it’s often about protection.

“This is a defensive posture,” Whiten said. “The person is trying to put up a virtual shield.” If crossed arms are paired with looking away, a lack of smiling or silence, it’s a strong sign the person feels intruded on or overwhelmed.

That’s your cue to give them space.

Their tone changes

Listen not just to what a person says to you but how they say it.

“If a person goes from calm and engaged to flat or high-pitched, they may be attempting to reduce tension,” Leno said. Short answers like “yes” or “no” when more detail would normally come are another giveaway. This goes for text messages too.

Tone shifts often happen when someone wants out of a conversation but doesn’t feel comfortable saying it.

Tone shifts often happen when someone wants out of a conversation but doesn’t feel comfortable saying it.

Brasileira via Getty Images

Tone shifts often happen when someone wants out of a conversation but doesn’t feel comfortable saying it.

They yawn – openly

Most adults can usually control their yawns. So when someone yawns right in front of you?

“Some part of them is hoping you’ll notice and disengage,” Whiten said. ”If someone combines this with looking away or an unsmiling or quiet demeanour, it is best to conclude that you may be irritating or overwhelming them, and move to talk to another person.”

What to do if you realise you’ve annoyed someone

First: pause. “Listen without offering advice or judgment,” Leno said. “Ask what is needed instead of assuming.” Simply slowing down and being curious can de-escalate tension quickly.

The simplest tool to become more self-aware of your behaviour? Watch how people respond to you.

“The best way to understand how your behaviour affects others is to notice their reactions to your presence,” Leno said.

And if you suspect something is off, a gentle, honest conversation can help clear the air.

At the same time, it’s OK to accept that not everyone will love your communication style. “It’s important to be authentic,” Leno said. “If someone is unreasonably irritated by who you are, it may be healthier to create distance than to contort yourself to please them.”

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