An Expert Weighs In On ‘Menstrual Masks’ And Their Effectiveness

While it may still be taboo for some, menstrual blood appears to have more to offer than previously thought. For example, researchers discovered in 2023 that it may actually play a key role in treating Alzheimer’s Disease in the future.

As period blood becomes a little less of a forbidden topic, some social media users have been discussing their DIY skincare in the form of “menstrual masking” or “period face masks”, which are exactly what they sound like.

Writing for The Conversation, Dipa Kamdar, Senior Lecturer in Pharmacy Practice, Kingston University explains: “Popularised on social media, hashtags such as #periodfacemask have amassed billions of views. In most videos, users apply menstrual blood for a few minutes before rinsing it off.

“There’s no clear agreement on how much blood to use or how long to leave it on. Some call the practice healing or empowering, describing it as a spiritual ritual that connects them to their bodies and ancestral femininity.”

However, scientists do have some concerns.

Is menstrual masking actually effective?

Kamdar says: “Advocates of menstrual masking often argue that period blood contains stem cells, cytokines and proteins that could rejuvenate the skin.

“There is currently no clinical evidence to support using menstrual blood as a topical skincare treatment.”

However, she adds, “its biological composition has shown potential in medical research.”

All is not lost.

A 2018 study found that plasma derived from menstrual fluid could significantly enhance wound healing. In laboratory tests, wounds treated with menstrual plasma showed 100% repair within 24 hours compared with 40% using regular blood plasma.

Kamdar explains: “This remarkable regeneration is thought to be linked to the unique proteins and bioactive molecules in menstrual fluid: the same substances that allow the uterus to rebuild itself every month.”

Is menstrual masking the same as a ‘vampire facial’?

According to Kamdar, some menstrual masking advocates have compared the practice to ‘vampire facials’ which were popularised by Kim Kardashian. Vampire facials use platelet-rich-plasma (PRP) extracted from a patient’s owsn blood and inject it into the skin.

Kamdar warns: “But experts caution against comparing PRP with menstrual blood. Menstrual fluid is a complex mixture of blood, sloughed-off endometrial tissue (the uterine lining), vaginal secretions, hormones and proteins.

“As it passes through the vaginal canal, it can pick up bacteria and fungi, including Staphylococcus aureus, a common microbe that normally lives on the skin but can cause infections if it enters cuts or pores. There’s also a risk that sexually transmitted infections (STIs) could be transferred to the skin.”

Maybe just stick to shop-bought masks…

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Ask A GP: What Is ‘Superflu’, And How Can I Tell It From ‘Normal’ Flu?

Though the influenza H3N2 strain, a variant of the flu currently making headlines, has sometimes been termed a “superflu,” Dr Suzanne Wylie, GP and medical adviser for IQdoctor, told HuffPost UK that “the term ‘superflu’ isn’t a recognised medical diagnosis.”

Instead, she said, it usually describes, “A combination of genuine influenza, circulating Covid-19 variants, RSV, and other viral illnesses that overlap in symptoms and timing.

“This can make the overall picture feel more intense and prolonged than a typical flu season.”

This is not to say, however, that the NHS is not experiencing an extraordinarily busy flu season (they are), or that patients are not “experiencing symptoms that persist longer than usual”.

Here, the GP shared how to spot “normal” flu from what some might term a “superflu,” as well as why influenza might be so rife right now.

How can I tell a “normal” flu from a “superflu”?

Dr Wylie explained that her definition of what some might term a “superflu” is “co-infection with more than one virus, or catching a second virus before fully recovering from the first”.

In that context, she explained, “true influenza tends to come on very suddenly, often within the space of a few hours.

“High fever, profound fatigue, muscle aches, headaches, a dry cough and a sense of being completely ‘wiped out’ are characteristic. People often describe being unable to get out of bed or perform basic tasks.”

She added, “What’s sometimes labelled this year as ‘superflu’ is essentially this classic influenza picture, but with the added complication that many individuals are experiencing symptoms that persist longer than usual, lingering coughs, extended fatigue, and a slower return to normal activity.”

And, the GP said, many cases of what people believe to be flu are actually a bad cold or another respiratory infection. These “develop more gradually” than flu, “with runny noses, sore throats, congestion and milder fevers.”

You will typically still be able to function somewhat with a cold, she continued.

“The distinction can blur, especially when multiple viruses are circulating, but influenza tends to be more abrupt and systemically draining.”

Why is flu so bad this winter?

“Immunity in the population fluctuates year to year, depending on which strains have circulated previously and how closely the current strains match the [flu] vaccine,” she explained.

“If the circulating strain is one the community has not been exposed to recently, or if vaccine uptake has been lower, more people are left susceptible, leading to higher case numbers and more severe symptoms.”

The BBC notes that many people have not been exposed to the mutated H3N2 strain much in the past few years.

This is partly, Dr Wylie said, “the after-effects of the pandemic: reduced exposure to seasonal viruses over several years means people’s baseline immunity to common respiratory pathogens may be lower than it once was.”

And increased strain on healthcare may mean that people are waiting longer to get help for the flu, meaning they’re worse off by the time they’re seen, she added.

“Environmental and behavioural factors also play a role: winter gatherings, indoor living, and schools acting as hubs for virus transmission all contribute to a more intense season,” she continued.

“Many patients are also experiencing simultaneous stresses, poor sleep or chronic conditions that can make any viral illness feel harder to shake off.”

So, “the combination of genuine influenza, overlapping viruses, reduced background immunity and a challenging winter has created the sense of a particularly tough respiratory season.”

And while Dr Wylie is sceptical of the use of the word “superflu,” she advised: “If someone is unsure whether their symptoms are typical of a cold, flu or something more serious, it’s always sensible to seek medical advice, especially if symptoms are severe, prolonged or worsening.”

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The Nighttime Routine Scientists, Dentists, And Longevity Experts Swear By

Longevity expert after longevity expert has said that the steps to a longer life are somewhat familiar, even boring; a good diet, enough sleep, and adequate physical activity are key.

But exciting research is happening within those. Which is why some scientists have advised on everything from when you eat your dinner to the best bedtime for better ageing.

Here, we’ll share some studies which might make your nighttime routine as conducive as possible for the best, and even most longevity-boosting, results:

Speaking to GQ, Valter Longo, director of the Longevity Institute at the University of Southern California, said that the longest-living people he’s tracked stopped eating 12 hours before breakfast the following day.

That may be, he said, because digesting food may interrupt your sleep and could mean food is stored in a different way.

So, if you’re an eight-hour sleeper, that could mean you stop eating four hours before you sleep and have breakfast right away.

Or you could stop eating three hours before sleep and wait an hour after waking to have brekkie.

Gum disease has been linked to a range of health issues, from heart conditions to tooth loss, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and even depression.

We don’t know exactly whether worse gum health comes from people having preexisting health conditions, which can make looking after your teeth harder, or if they actually cause the problems to begin with.

But speaking to HuffPost UK, Dr Jenna Chimon, a cosmetic dentist at Long Island Veneers, explained that gums are “living tissue connected directly to your bloodstream… bacteria and the toxins they release create a constant state of inflammation”.

Low-grade chronic inflammation has been linked to faster ageing and worse health outcomes.

So while again, we still don’t know exactly in which direction the gum health/all-body health connection flows, experts reccomend flossing anyway ― worst case scenario, you’ll have happier gums.

A 2024 paper listed sleep regularity as a “stronger predictor of mortality” than even sleep duration.

That means that when you go to bed might be more important than how long you sleep when it comes to your risk of death, though having either way too much or way too little sleep is also linked to an increased risk of premature death in the same paper.

Speaking to HuffPost UK previously, registered dietician and longevity specialist Melanie Murphy Richter, who studied under longevity researcher Dr Valter Longo at the University of Southern California, said, “Sleep is one of the most powerful longevity tools we have, and timing matters.

“Going to bed between 10pm and midnight and waking with the sun supports circadian rhythms, hormone balance, and cellular repair – all critical for healthy ageing,” she added.

It is true that some of us have a later chronotype, or a natural “night owl” body clock.

But a 2024 study by Stanford researchers suggested that no matter your natural preference, sleeping after 1am was linked to worse ageing outcomes.

“To age healthily, individuals should start sleeping before 1am, despite chronobiological preferences,” they wrote.

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I Just Learned Why All Thoroughbred Racehorses Share A Birthday, And I Had No Clue

You could fill a book with all the things I don’t know about racehorses (and they probably have; I imagine it’s called something like ’Basic Racehorse Facts For Newly-Landed Aliens, The Simplified Edition’).

But I reckon that even people more horse-savvy than me will be surprised to learn that thoroughbreds all share the same birthday.

Yup – Barbara Wrathall, a horse expert at Discount Equestrian, said, “every thoroughbred racehorse, including those in the Royal Stud breeding programme, is officially considered to be born on 1 January”.

Here’s why.

Why do thoroughbred racehorses all share a birthday?

Obviously, not all of the horses actually enter the world on the first day of whatever year they were born.

But the New Year date was chosen, Wrathall said, “because the racing world needs a single, standardised date for age categories”.

The age of a horse is really important in racing, she continued, because “a few months can mean a noticeable difference in strength, development and training readiness”.

The Jockey Club stated that, because flat racehorses can begin their careers at just two years old, this can mean a big discrepancy between a horse born in the early months of the year versus those born later.

But most horses don’t enter the most prestigious flat races until at least three years old, while jump horses don’t even begin participating until they’re four or older.

And, prior to the Jockey Club decree in 1834, which set Jan 1 as the horses’ new “birthday”, owners were racing horses with vast age gaps against each other – partly because birth records were so poorly kept.

Wrathall said: “The universal birthday ensures fairness and consistency across the sport, especially important for elite breeders like the Royal Stud.”

And, the expert continued, “at the Royal Studs, where bloodlines are planned years in advance, having a single ‘birthday’ for every foal makes breeding, training schedules, and race eligibility far easier to manage”. Huh!

Thoroughbred horses have different “birthdays” across the world

Prior to the Jockey Club ruling, thoroughbred horses in the UK shared a “birthday” of 1 May, reported Horse Racing Nation.

But it’s 1 August in southern hemisphere spots like Australia.

“That date is set so that mares will begin foaling from early August and in some cases, may still be going in December,” veterinary surgeon Glenn Robertson-Smith told Victoria Racing Club.

“But despite the disparity or distance of, say, August 3 and December 2, the December foal, while some five months behind the August foal, both will be categorised by the same age.”

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The Job Market Is Tough, So Naturally People Are ‘Lily Padding’

You’re probably sick of hearing about it, but yes, the UK job market is tough right now.

Either you know it because you’re in the process of job hunting, or you’re scared to leave your old-and-unsatisfying job after hearing the horror stories from those applying for hundreds of roles, only to hear back from none.

And now it seems “lily padding” is the latest career trend to come out of this difficult working situation.

What is ‘lily padding’?

“Lily padding” is when you strategically climb the career ladder, focusing on building experience over seeking a higher salary. It’s about supercharging your employability, according to targetjobs.

People who “lily pad” look for temporary roles and use each one to springboard into the next, going for a similar field and role to boost their experience. Almost like becoming an expert at that specific job.

As Forbes puts it: “Rather than climbing rung by rung, they [“lily padders”] move laterally, diagonally, and sometimes across industries altogether, collecting skills and experiences with every leap.”

It’s no coincidence this comes at a time when the security of certain jobs is being questioned, thanks to the rise in popularity of artificial intelligence (AI).

The hope is that after a few career jumps, people could move into a longer term role and have a better chance of going for that higher salary and more senior job title, with a wealth of experience in their back pocket.

“Lily padding” might also suit those who are happy with their salary range and title, and aren’t looking to take on extra responsibility, but want to boost their CV.

The trend is particularly popular among Gen Z candidates, and it’s even helping them to avoid imposter syndrome, said targetjobs. Unlike job hopping, “lily padding” is more targeted and focused on skill-boosting over pay.

It might look like sidestepping from the outside, but this is often more of a planned career game, and while people who sidestep might stay in a job for a number of years, “lily padders” jump more frequently and prioritise temp roles.

While job hopping is usually spurred on by being unhappy in a workplace, “lily padding” is spurred on by wanting to see growth in confidence and skillset, said the job experts.

But it’s important to not play it safe like this for too long – once you’ve mastered the skills you need, move upwards, otherwise staying at the same level might become a bit too comfortable and not that challenging.

Until then, “lily pad” away.

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Wes Streeting Is Wrong. ADHD Is Not Overdiagnosed, I Should Know.

Yesterday (Dec 4), Health Secretary Wes Streeting announced that he would be launching an independent review into rising demand for mental health, ADHD, and autism services in England.

On the surface, this might seem like a good thing – mental health and neurodivergence healthcare is stretched thin in the UK, people are crying out for help, so what we need to do is find a way to improve those services so that people can get the support they need, right?

Unfortunately, no.

In fact, the headline aim of this review is to see whether there is evidence of over-diagnosis, with the BBC reporting that the government “believes there are people being referred onto waiting lists who do not need treatment.”

Streeting himself said these conditions were being over-diagnosed earlier this year, though he has since claimed in a piece for The Guardian that those remarks were “divisive” and had “failed to capture the complexity of this problem”.

He wrote: “The truth is there has been a massive growth in mental health and behavioural issues and there isn’t a consensus within the mental health clinical community on what is driving it. We must look at this through a strictly clinical lens to get an evidence-based understanding… That’s the only way we can ensure everyone gets timely access to accurate diagnosis and effective support.”

But, despite Streeting’s attempts to roll back his earlier comments about over-diagnosis, an emphasis on questioning what is “driving” an increase in mental health and neurodivergent diagnoses rather than how to support that increase is both erroneous and borderline offensive.

There is already widespread and growing stigma about conditions like ADHD, with regular discourse online and among politicians about whether those diagnosed are “truly” struggling, and language about finding “evidence” for what is behind this surge in demand only adds to that rhetoric.

I was diagnosed with ADHD nearly two years ago, after waiting 1.5 years for a diagnosis. To many, that might not sound like too long – in some places, there can be up to a 10-year wait for diagnosis – but I was battling with my symptoms long before I was first referred to a Right to Choose provider for assessment. I spent years struggling with basic household tasks, relationships, and school and work, finding myself unable to focus for long periods, and berating myself for not being “normal” like everyone else around me.

This was particularly bad during university when I had a lack of structure and was forced to discipline myself – something that people with ADHD notoriously find difficult – leading to me being diagnosed with severe anxiety and depression. It turns out that the deterioration in my mental health was a result of not knowing about my ADHD and therefore not dealing with it in the right way.

I also battled with internalised stigma about having ADHD, overrun by narratives that people are lying about having the condition, conning themselves into believing they have ADHD, or that it’s not so serious that it even requires diagnosis and intervention.

Many people with ADHD grapple with similar difficulties, meaning they are reluctant to seek a diagnosis or are not believed when they do. Receiving a formal diagnosis was important to me both to feel validated in how I approached work, relationships, and life itself in the past as well as to ensure that I was legally entitled to receive specialist support for the condition. Without a diagnosis, that can be much harder.

At one previous job, for example, I was unable to obtain reasonable adjustments – and received zero empathy from my line manager – until I received a formal diagnosis, meaning I was protected under the 2010 Equality Act.

The current system we operate under does leave many people being “written off”, like Streeting said, but not in the way he might think. It is not due to over-diagnosis but rather chronic underfunding and complex healthcare systems that are not fit-for-purpose, that leaves people in the dust.

Streeting’s review is also looking to “raise the healthiest generation, increase healthy life expectancy, and reduce suicide”, but further stigmatisation of these conditions is in direct conflict with that goal.

People with ADHD are in fact more at risk of suicide and have a lower life expectancy than those who are neurotypical, with 1 in 4 women, and 1 in 10 men, with ADHD will at some time try to take their own lives, while people with ADHD are likely to die between seven and nine years younger than their peers. This is why it is so important for people to be able to access mental health and neurodivergent diagnoses and support.

For Streeting to suggest that the rise in demand requires any intervention apart from additional funding as well as empathy for those struggling, is ridiculous.

I am not the only one who thinks so. Henry Shelford, CEO of campaigning organisation ADHD UK, told HuffPost UK: “ADHD is not overdiagnosed. A recent Lancet study published research that analysed 9 million GP records and showed just 0.32% of patients have a diagnosis of ADHD. That’s nudging just 10% of the 3-4% of the population who have ADHD.

“We’re underdiagnosed, not overdiagnosed. In addition, a BBC study showed the average wait for an ADHD diagnosis in England is 8 years. The idea that you can achieve overdiagnosis with an average wait of nearly a decade is just preposterous.”

If Streeting wants fewer people to be struggling with ADHD, autism, and associated mental health conditions, then the answer is to invest in those services and support the people who need it rather than blaming them for getting diagnosed in the first place. Focusing on “overdiagnosis”, and refusing to acknowledge just how broken our system is, will push more and more people to breaking point – and the whole country will be worse-for-wear as a result.

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The Latest Version Of Celebrity Thinness Isn’t Just Annoying, It’s Dangerous. I Should Know.

Every time I see Ariana Grande on the red carpet or in interviews lately, I feel a mix of fear and anger. Not at her, her beautiful spirit, breathtaking voice or right to move through the world in the body she chooses. But at what she’s come to symbolise.

Extreme thinness is back, and it’s being packaged as aspiration. Grande and Cynthia Erivo are everywhere promoting Wicked in interviews, photo shoots, red carpet events. Their bodies and the ultra-thin bodies of other celebrities – small, smaller, smallest – are glamourised and showcased with the media positioning Grande as one the main figures to be celebrated.

Even though there has been some criticism, it’s been drowned out by the mega promotion machine that celebrates these figures, and plasters them everywhere with great fanfare.

And this is happening at the same moment weight-loss drugs like Ozempic and Wegovy have become omnipresent.

These drugs are now so widespread – and will be even more so with the soon to be released pill forms – and easily obtained that people are using them whether or not they medically qualify. Not for diabetes, not even for health problems ostensibly related to “obesity”.

But to chase the kind of extreme thinness that’s on every magazine cover, every blockbuster press tour and in every curated celebrity post.

This comes after millions of women, myself included, have spent years trying to unlearn the toxic messages we were fed in our youth. That beauty equals thinness. That discipline means restriction. That our bodies must be controlled and minimised to be acceptable.

We fought for size diversity, for the radical idea that you can be beautiful, strong and worthy without disappearing. And just as that movement was starting to shift the cultural tide, here comes this trend of pharmaceutical shrinking that pretends thinness is wellness.

This isn’t about calling out celebrities, and it isn’t about body shaming. It’s about the unspoken message all of this is sending: when it comes to health, thinner is always better. This isn’t just frustrating. It’s dangerous.

A danger I know intimately.

When I was a teenager, my mother used to say, “If you only lost weight, you could be beautiful.” She equated being thin with the worth of a woman, and believed it would grant her access to power, success and opportunities.

I was a 14-year-old desperate to fit in with the cool kids. So when a popular girl in my high school freshmen class turned to me and asked how much I weighed, I answered without much hesitation.

“About 130 pounds.”

She looked at me in horror, “Oh, my God. I would kill myself if I ever weighed that much.”

I stood there, the fluorescent hallway lights buzzing above me, trying not to let the heat rising in my face show. She had confirmed what my mother had drilled into me, that the most important thing to be was thin.

My mother had done everything in her power to get me to lose weight: She’d pushed, pleaded, threatened, bargained. And she wasn’t the only one spreading the message of thin worship. This was the 1980s, the era of low-fat everything, Slim Fast and Jane Fonda workout tapes. No one was talking about mental health or eating disorders, no one I knew anyway.

Instead of motivating me, this made me feel like there was something wrong with me. That I was unworthy and unlovable the way I was. So when I was 15, I went into the bathroom one afternoon, locked the door and pushed my fingers down my throat.

As soon as I emptied my stomach, I felt an avalanche of self-loathing and disgust, but also a kind of relief. I sat on the cold tile floor, throat burning, face tear-streaked, clutching the white porcelain bowl. That started a secret life I carried for the next 30 years.

Decades of compulsive binging and purging, of painful highs and crashing lows. Of hiding behind locked doors and running showers to muffle the sound of vomiting. Of looking into a steamed-up bathroom mirror at a version of myself I hated.

The author in high school, around age 15.

Photo Courtesy Of Rebecca Morrison

The author in high school, around age 15.

The new thinness cult isn’t just happening on red carpets. It’s happening on TikTok. In classrooms. In text threads between friends. It’s shaping how young people define health, beauty, morality. As a result, eating disorders are on the rise, especially among young girls. Treatment centres are seeing a dramatic spike in patients.

I don’t know these celebrities’ stories, their health journeys, or their reasons. But it’s not about personal beauty choices. It’s about systems. About money. About power. About a $450 billion global beauty industry and $163 billion weight loss market that thrives when we hate ourselves enough to keep spending.

My anger is at the cultural shift that’s pushing people, especially kids, toward disordered eating, mental health crises and lifelong shame.

By the time I was in my 40s, I’d found a way to make peace with my body. I finally believed, like so many others that had seen the body acceptance movement gain ground, that it was OK to be who I was. That worth didn’t have to be determined by how little I weighed.

Now, millions of women like me are seeing this latest cultural shift and thinking: We already fought this battle. We already lived through the eating disorders, the shame, the isolation, the obsessive calorie counting. We were finally starting to believe that health came in many forms, that beauty wasn’t synonymous with being smaller.

We deserve a culture that refuses to treat weight loss as a moral victory. So does the next generation – so young people don’t grow up thinking they need to hurt themselves to be beautiful or valued, like I and countless others did.

Do you have a compelling personal story you’d like to see published on HuffPost? Find out what we’re looking for here and send us a pitch at pitch@huffpost.com.

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Doctor Shares Signs You Might Have ‘Hormonal Insomnia’

Even though I have insomnia, I didn’t recognise that I had a problem for years.

That’s because I thought the condition only meant struggling to fall asleep. But I have sleep maintenance insomnia, which means I wake up in the middle of the night and then struggle to return to the land of nod.

I heard the phrase for the first time last year. But I only read the words “hormonal insomnia” this week.

Speaking to HuffPost UK, Dr Giuseppe Aragona, GP and medical adviser for Prescription Doctor, explained that those with the condition “often have trouble falling asleep initially, wake during the night and struggle to return to sleep, or wake too early in the morning”.

But what does the term mean, why does it happen, and what can you do if you have it?

What is “hormonal insomnia”?

The term “refers to difficulty sleeping that arises as a result of changes or imbalances in the body’s hormone levels,” Dr Aragona explained.

“Several hormones play a key role in regulating sleep, including melatonin, which signals to the brain that it is time to sleep, and cortisol, which promotes alertness and can interfere with sleep if elevated at night.”

Reproductive hormones, like oestrogen and progesterone, can also lead to the condition because they, too, affect our sleep patterns.

So perhaps it’s not surprising that the GP said: “Hormonal insomnia is most commonly observed during life stages when hormone levels are changing significantly, such as during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, perimenopause, or menopause, and may also occur in thyroid disorders or other endocrine conditions.

“These hormonal shifts can disrupt the body’s temperature regulation, circadian rhythm, and mood, all of which contribute to sleep disturbance.”

What are the symptoms of hormonal insomnia?

They’re quite like those of “regular” insomnia, Dr Aragona said.

“People experiencing hormonal insomnia often have trouble falling asleep initially, wake during the night and struggle to return to sleep, or wake too early in the morning.

“Sleep may feel fragmented and of poor quality, leading to daytime fatigue, irritability, poor concentration, and low mood.”

If your hormonal insomnia is linked to hormonal changes like menopause, you might notice other symptoms keeping you awake, like hot flushes and night sweats.

If a GP were to check for hormonal, rather than general, insomnia, the doctor tolf HuffPost UK, they “would typically explore a person’s life stage, hormonal history, and the timing and pattern of symptoms.

“It is also important to consider associated symptoms such as mood changes, night sweats, or bladder issues, and to rule out other causes of insomnia such as stress, poor sleep hygiene, sleep apnoea, or pain.”

Blood tests can help to rule out thyroid issues or hormonal imbalances, too.

What should I do if I have hormonal insomnia?

Dr Aragona recommends a blend of different strategies.

“Maintaining a consistent sleep routine, avoiding stimulants and screens in the evening, and keeping the bedroom cool, dark, and quiet can help,” he advised, while “Relaxation techniques such as mindfulness or breathing exercises can reduce stress and cortisol levels, making it easier to fall asleep.

“Addressing underlying hormonal symptoms, for example, through lifestyle strategies or, where appropriate, medical treatments for menopause-related symptoms, may also improve sleep.”

If your insomnia lasts for a long time ― some doctors put it at more than three nights a week, for three months or longer ― see a GP, said the expert.

Lastly, “General health measures, including regular exercise, a balanced diet, and avoiding excessive alcohol or nicotine, also support better sleep,” said Dr Aragona.

“Hormonal insomnia is usually multifactorial, so addressing lifestyle, behavioural, and medical factors together tends to be the most effective approach.”

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Advent Has Begun. But What Does That Actually Mean, And Why Do We Have Advent Calendars?

Not to alarm you, but we’re a matter of weeks away from Christmas – and already in Advent.

Advent, which begins on the Sunday closest to November 30, lasts for four weeks. This year, it started on Sunday, November 30; the earliest it can begin is November 27.

But what does Advent mean, and why do we celebrate it?

Advent means “coming”

Per Britannica, Advent comes from the Latin word “Adventus,” meaning “coming”.

In the Christian faith, it refers to the coming of Christ, celebrated at Christmas.

It can also, the BBC shared, be a “time of preparation when Christians think about the second coming of Christ and what they need to do to be ready for his return.”

The dates have not always been the same. For instance, under Bishop Perpetuus of Tours (461–490), Advent used to involve a fasting period which began on November 11.

Advent is linked to the Advent wreath, made from a circle of evergreen leaves used to represent eternal life. There are also four candles, one for each of the Sundays ’til Christmas. Some add a fifth candle that symbolises Jesus Christ.

This final candle, if present, is not usually lit until Christmas begins. The other candles are traditionally lit on each Sunday before Christmas.

Why do we have Advent calendars?

Like Christmas trees, these started out as a German tradition – though Advent calendars took off a little later, in the 19th century.

It was simply a way to count down to Christmas.

Traditional Advent calendars often had Bible verses or pictures, though NPR pointed out Advent calendars weren’t the only way Germans built anticipation at the time – less long-lasting versions included keeping a chalk tally on walls and doors, and placing extra straws in the crib of a Nativity scene.

So, though it took a few decades, perhaps it’s not surprising that German publisher Gerhard Lang is credited with the first printed Advent calendar, as well as the first Advent calendar with doors.

And though the first chocolate version is believed to have been made in the ’50s, it took Cadbury’s about 20 years to make the first mass-produced version in 1971.

Only in the ’90s did demand become high enough for them to keep the calendars in continuous production.

Because Advent does not always begin on December 1, though, they don’t follow the exact dates every year – it is just easier to go 1-25, or 1-24.

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‘My Boyfriend’s Jokes Started Including Creepy Details. Can I Ever Trust Him Again?’

Though closeness is an important part of a great relationship, the cofounder and COO of Fresh Starts Registry, Genevieve Dreizen, says that privacy is key, too.

“As a person who spends a great deal of time helping people navigate life transitions and emotional crossroads, I always remind people that privacy is not a threat to intimacy,” the etiquette expert said.

In fact, she calls it a “necessary ingredient” for a healthy partnership.

Perhaps that’s why Redditor u/taliv_03 said she feels so “disgusted” after learning that her partner had been rifling through her diary.

Writing to the forum r/TwoHotTakes, the original poster (OP) said that she first suspected him of reading her journal about a month ago, when his jokes about her changed.

Here, we asked Dreizen to weigh in on the tricky situation.

OP’s partner began joking about details only shared in her journal

The poster, a 27-year-old woman, said that her partner (a 29-year-old man) had been together for a little over a year when she noticed the change.

Throughout that period, she had a paper diary that her boyfriend knew about. It is a “non-negotiable” for her, she says; her partner had previously “teased me [about it] once in a sweet way, calling it my ‘brain compost bin.’”

About a month ago, though, she started noticing something strange about her partner’s jokes.

“We were with friends, and he made a joke about how I [research] symptoms for my cat more than for myself… It stung because that exact line was in my journal the night before, word for word,” OP wrote.

“A week later, he told this story to my sister about how I still feel guilty for breaking a snow globe when I was five. I have never told that story out loud, only wrote it down after a therapy session.”

Two nights ago, she said she walked in to see her diary open on a coffee table in front of her. He claimed he had moved it to save it from the cat, she said.

After he mentioned yet another private musing, though, she raised her suspicions with him, “and he got defensive, said I should not write things down if I don’t want them to be ‘found art’, and that I was overreacting because ‘partners should not have secrets.’”

Since then, OP writes, she has felt “disgusted and stupid, like my safe place just got ripped open for someone else’s stand-up routine.

“At the same time, I keep wondering if I am making this bigger than it is. Is reading a partner’s journal and then using their thoughts as jokes a hard deal breaker, or something you can actually rebuild trust from?” she ended.

“This is a boundary violation”

Speaking to HuffPost UK, Dreizen explained: “When a partner reads your diary, they aren’t just crossing a line of etiquette; they are trespassing on the internal space where you tell the truth to yourself. That space is sacred.

“A diary is not a shared document, not a negotiation, not a relationship ledger.”

And when someone snoops in your diary, “You’re dealing with a breach of trust that destabilises the foundation of emotional safety in the relationship.”

It turns a private space into an arena where you suddenly have to worry about leaving yourself open to teasing and jokes, the expert added.

“That kind of emotional exposure can make you question your reality, tiptoe around your own inner world, or feel ashamed of feelings you were never meant to defend.

“The injury is not just about the reading – it’s about the casualness with which your boundaries were dismissed, the entitlement to your inner life, and the refusal to take accountability afterwards.”

For her part, Dreizen said, “The first step is acknowledging that this isn’t a difference in opinion about privacy. This is a boundary violation. The partner’s belief that ‘partners shouldn’t have secrets’ is a misconception wrapped in control.

She said that in this case, repair is only possible once OP’s partner has proven that he understands that he’s wrong and why and has taken concrete steps to change.

Dreizen asked the poster, should she wish to give her partner another try, to say something like, “I’m open to moving forward, but only if you take responsibility without minimising and commit to respecting my boundaries. What steps are you willing to take to make that happen?”

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