GP Explains The Difference Between Healthy And ‘Pathological’ Ageing

You might think that some changes, like memory loss, are inevitable as the years roll by. And that can be true – but serious conditions like dementia, though more common among older people, are not an ordinary part of healthy ageing.

In general, Dominic Greenyer, a private GP at The Health Suite, told HuffPost UK: “Ageing naturally brings some change. People may notice a modest reduction in muscle mass, bone density, cardiovascular fitness, hearing, vision or the speed at which they process information.

“However, severe or rapidly progressing decline should not automatically be dismissed as an inevitable part of getting older.”

Sometimes, people call non-standard deterioration “pathological ageing”. Here, we asked the GP to explain what the term means, as well as the signs you may be experiencing one or the other.

What is pathological ageing?

It’s not a single formal condition, the doctor said.

Instead, pathological ageing describes “deterioration driven or accelerated by disease, rather than the gradual biological changes we would ordinarily expect as a person grows older… [it may] involve illness or damage that significantly affects a person’s function and independence”.

That might include cardiovascular disease, poorly controlled diabetes, osteoporosis, dementia, chronic lung disease, severe frailty or substantial muscle loss.

“One of the dangers of describing every new symptom as ‘just old age’ is that treatable conditions can be missed,” the GP continued.

“Persistent exhaustion, unexplained weight loss, repeated falls, worsening breathlessness, new confusion, significant memory changes or a sudden loss of strength should be properly assessed.”

Older people may be led to believe that “pain, fatigue or loss of mobility is something they simply have to tolerate”; but that’s not always the case.

“The important questions are how quickly the change has happened, whether it is affecting everyday life, and whether an underlying condition may be contributing to it.”

How can I tell pathological ageing from normal ageing?

Dr Greenyer said that healthy ageing doesn’t mean reaching old age without any disease whatsoever. In fact, he considers healthy vs pathological ageing as more of a “spectrum” than separate poles.

“Many people live well with arthritis, high blood pressure or other long-term conditions when these are recognised, treated and properly controlled,” he said.

But a person’s level of functionality matters here.

“Healthy ageing means preserving as much physical capacity, cognitive ability, independence and social engagement as possible. A person may have a diagnosis but still remain active, make their own decisions, maintain relationships and continue doing the things that matter to them,” the GP explained.

“Pathological ageing is more likely to involve decline that is disproportionate, accelerated or driven by disease. It can begin to restrict mobility, memory, resilience and the ability to manage ordinary tasks.”

People can move between pathological and healthy ageing, he added. “Early diagnosis, rehabilitation, better disease control and changes to daily habits can sometimes slow decline and restore a meaningful amount of function.”

Can I decrease my odds of pathological ageing?

Dr Greenyer stressed that lifestyle changes alone can’t guarantee healthy ageing – genes and other factors outside our control can play a part here.

Therefore, he said, “people should never be blamed for illnesses that are not entirely within their control”.

With that said, some habits can make a “significant difference” to how likely we are to age well.

Not smoking “remains one of the most important steps a person can take,” the GP stated, while controlling and monitoring blood pressure, cholesterol and blood sugar can go a long way too.

“Good-quality sleep, meaningful social contact and continuing to challenge the brain are also important,” he said, while depression and hearing loss are often “overlooked” factors that can make ageing well less likely.

Calling regular physical activity “one of the most powerful things we can do.” Dr Grenyer stated that “Aerobic activity supports the heart, lungs and circulation, while strength training helps preserve muscle, bone density, balance and the ability to perform everyday tasks”.

You don’t need to hit the gym every day, either. Brisk walking, cycling, swimming, gardening, carrying shopping and simple resistance exercises can all help, the expert advised, while balance work is great for better ageing (especially among those prone to falls).

Diet is important, as well – “Older adults need sufficient protein to help preserve muscle, alongside vegetables, fruit, wholegrains and sources of healthy fats. People should also pay attention to hydration, as the sensation of thirst can become less reliable with age”.

Lastly, the GP told us that prevention isn’t just about lifestyle choices. Getting vaccines, attending screenings, and seeing your doctor about new concerns matters, too.

“The goal is not to stop ageing, because that is impossible. It is to protect resilience, function and independence for as long as possible, while recognising that it is never too late to make changes that may improve health and quality of life.”

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We’ve Found The Snoop-Free Solution To Keeping Your Kids Safe Online

You can breathe a big sigh of relief: we’re half way through the summer holidays (unless you’re in Scotland, sorry Scotland!).

While you might have set strict no-screen rules at the beginning of the summer holidays, we’re sure you’re getting to the point of easing up.

And no one would blame you – it’s a long time to have the whole family under one roof.

All you have to do is get through the next few weeks – and if that means plonking them down to play games or talk to their friends as a distraction, so be it.

At the same time, though, there is plenty to think about when giving your child access to the internet. I don’t need to recount the potential horrors, because over 90% of parents on Mumsnet say current smartphones aren’t safe enough for children.

Plus, 77% of parents say keeping their child safe online feels like an impossible task, and that only gets harder in summer when they don’t have the school routine to keep them busy.

If you’re just about wondering when someone’s going to do something about this mess, enter: the OtherPhone.

Responding to readers’ concerns, the team at Mumsnet teamed up with two London-based tech companies – Nothing and SafetyMode – to create a phone catered to keeping kids safe online.

It might look like a regular phone, but it’s actually a cool phone – that is, the 3(a) phone from cult brand Nothing – that your kid will love (all you need to know is that Charli XCX is the ambassador).

The phone is super lightweight, coated in tempered glass, and is dust and water-resistant, so it can handle the muck and clutter of being a kid.

Loaded with all the regular functions of a smart phone, this particular phone also comes with SafetyMode, a software that uses AI to monitor, filter and block harmful content (like bullying, nudity, and explicit language) across every app your child uses.

While safety tools track a list of basic keywords, or block specific websites, SafetyMode has been trained to read content, which means it can distinguish between a normal conversation and a concerning one.

It can track their locations, and the filters are fully customisable, so you get to decide what you want your child accessing, based on their changing needs.

When troubling content is detected, SafetyMode will send an alert straight to your phone, so that you can rest assured you’ll know what your child is up to online, even when you’re not in the same room (or home!).

Even better, your child’s data won’t ever leave their phone, as all of the processing happens on the phone itself, for added privacy.

If you don’t want to buy a whole new phone, you don’t have to. SafetyMode is also available via the Google Play store to be compatible with any Android device.

The app itself is free, but if you want to manage permissions and filters without even having to pick up their phone, you can upgrade and pay £5.99 per month for SafetyMode Plus.

That means online safety for the rest of the summer, whether they’re at summer camp, the grandparents’, or simply curled up in their rooms.

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Firefighters Warn To Keep ‘Unconsidered’ Items Off Windowsills This Summer

Parts of the UK seem set for their fifth heatwave of the year, with no significant rainfall set to take place in parts of the south this month.

Claire Belcher, an Exeter University professor, told the BBC the risk of wildfires has “never been so high”. And firefighters warn that the risk of house fires rises in drier, sunnier conditions, too.

Speaking to the MK Citizen after a run of “near disasters” in Milton Keynes, a spokesperson for Bucks Fire and Rescue said: “As the bright weather continues, we’d like to remind everyone of an often unconsidered fire risk within homes.”

Watch out for glass items on windowsills

Multiple windowsill fires have broken out over the years due to glass items left in direct sunlight.

They’ve created blazes in places like Essex, Northamptonshire, Dorset and Wiltshire, Norfolk, Merseyside, Milton Keynes, and more.

The Bucks Fire and Rescue spokesperson said: “Recent incidents have highlighted that reflected sunlight can become concentrated enough to generate significant heat, resulting in marks, smouldering materials and, in some cases, fire.”

Which items should I keep out of sunlight?

Northamptonshire Fire and Rescue Service said to keep crystals; mirrors, especially magnifying ones; and glass ornaments off windowsills and out of direct sunlight in the summer.

The firefighters added you shouldn’t keep them near curtains or bedsheets in the heat either.

Other risky items include:

In general, Dorset and Wiltshire Fire and Rescue explained, any glass ornament or object that’s curved can work as a lens, intensifying the sun’s heat.

“The principle is the same as using a magnifying glass to start a fire. It does depend on the angle of the sun, but any mirror or glass ornament with a curve in it should never be left on a windowsill or by a window,” their site reads.

A Bucks Fire and Rescue spokesperson added: “If you notice a bright spot of reflected sunlight inside your home, move the object immediately or close curtains or blinds.

“Check around windows regularly to ensure decorative items are not creating focused beams of light.”

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These 6 Common Kitchen Habits Are Shortening Your Fridge’s Lifespan

Your fridge is the one appliance in your home that never gets a day off. It hums along 24 hours a day, holds your groceries at a safe temperature and just sits in the kitchen, which is probably why most of us never think about it until the milk goes warm.

But the small things you do every day, from how you pack your refrigerator to where you put your leftovers, can have a real effect on the appliance’s longevity.

According to Ian Palmer-Smith, an appliance repair expert at Domestic & General, the average refrigerator should last about 10 to 15 years, but that number can drop to “eight or nine years if you don’t follow best practices”.

The good news is that almost all of those best practices are simple, and several of the worst habits that negatively impact fridges are easy to break.

We asked three repairmen about the mistakes they most often see when it comes to fridge upkeep and what to do instead.

If your fridge is so packed that you can't see any gaps between the food, it's too full.

Andrii Zorii via Getty Images

If your fridge is so packed that you can’t see any gaps between the food, it’s too full.

Mistake #1: Not cleaning the condenser coil

The repairmen agreed on one thing: the part of your fridge most likely to fail is the one you’ve probably never looked at.

“The biggest driver of fridge breakdowns is the condenser coil, where the gas gets condensed and forms refrigerant,” Palmer-Spring explained. It’s a metal grid that, depending on the model, sits at the back of the unit, underneath it or, on some high-end refrigerators, up top. Because it’s tucked out of sight, it collects dust, grease and pet hair, and that buildup keeps it from doing its job.

“That stops the coil from dissipating heat, so the motor ends up overheating,” Palmer-Spring said. “The inside of the fridge might not feel hot, but the motor is overheating.”

Tony Andrade, service manager at Abt Electronics, described the same chain reaction: a dirty condenser “makes the compressor work harder and can cause it to overheat. Once it reaches a certain temperature, it may shut down and cool inefficiently.”

The fix: Clean the area and don’t crowd it. Andrade recommends cleaning the condenser every six months if you have pets and roughly once a year if you don’t.

Palmer-Spring suggests pulling the fridge out every winter and going over the coil with a handheld vacuum, also giving the appliance room to breathe in the first place: people “often place the appliance right up against a wall or in a tight space,” which traps heat and starts the whole problem.

Mistake #2: Overpacking the fridge

We’ve all crammed a fridge to the brim before a holiday, and the repairmen say that’s fine every once in a while for a night or two. The trouble starts when it becomes your everyday default.

“Overpacking a fridge … makes the cooling system work harder, leads to uneven temperatures and can cause the compressor to work much harder,” Palmer-Spring said. The issue isn’t just weight but airflow. Cold air needs room to move, and a wall of groceries blocks that from happening.

Andrade explained that overstuffing “doesn’t affect the condenser itself, but it does affect air circulation inside the unit. If you accidentally block the vents where the cold air comes out, the refrigerator won’t cool properly, and you’ll end up with uneven temperatures.”

The fix: Use the eyeball test. “If you can’t see any space inside, it’s overloaded,” Palmer-Spring said. “It’s a simple visual exercise: if I can’t see space, it’s too full.”

Keep the vents, especially the one up top, clear and treat a packed-to-capacity fridge as a one-night dinner party situation, not a permanent state.

Mistake #3: Opening the door too often

The problem with this one is moisture. Every time the door opens, warm room air rushes in to meet the cold. “If you’re constantly opening the fridge just to see what’s inside, moisture can build up because the 70-degree air in your home is entering a 37-degree refrigerator,” said Dennis Godynuk, a fridge repairman and owner of Comfort Appliance Repair TN.

Repeated openings also undo the cooling cycle: he tells customers a fridge can take four to six hours to cool down properly and “people often keep opening the door to check on it, which resets the cooling process.”

Opening the refrigerator door too often in a short timespan can cause problems.

AndreyPopov via Getty Images

Opening the refrigerator door too often in a short timespan can cause problems.

To be clear, some level of constant use is completely fine. “If you’re cooking and leave the fridge open for a minute, then close it and don’t open it again for 20 minutes, that’s generally not an issue,” Godynuk said. The damage comes from rapid, repeated openings, seven or eight times in an hour, which can leave the interior panels “very wet,” with water potentially dripping down into technical components.

The fix: Grab everything you need in one trip and resist the urge to keep “checking.” After a repair or a big restock, give the fridge a few uninterrupted hours to recover its temperature.

Mistake #4: Putting hot food straight in

Hot food releases steam, and steam is just moisture in disguise.

“If you’ve just finished cooking something, like noodles, and they’re still very hot when you put them in the fridge, they’ll release steam and create immediate moisture inside the unit,” Godynuk said. He sees the fallout regularly. “Customers call us saying their refrigerator stopped cooling, and we find that moisture has become trapped in a fan motor or cooling components,” he said.

Because those components run near freezing, trapped moisture can ice over, making the fridge louder or stopping it from cooling altogether.

It’s also a strain on the hardest-working part of the machine, the compressor (clearly, the most important part of the fridge). “Putting hot food in the fridge also puts pressure on the compressor,” Palmer-Spring said. “If you’re doing it continually, it’s not a good habit.”

The fix: Let food cool to room temperature before it goes in. An occasional warm container won’t doom your appliance, but as a daily routine it adds up.

Mistake #5: Setting the wrong temperature

A fridge that’s set too cold or too warm is constantly fighting itself, and that effort shortens its life. “A lot of people set their fridges either too warm or too cold,” Palmer-Spring said. “If it’s too cold or too warm, the fridge has to work harder, which reduces its lifespan.”

So what’s the sweet spot? Godynuk recommends keeping your refrigerator between 36 and 39 degrees Fahrenheit. He cautions against drifting higher even though regulations technically allow it. Some fridges let you set temperatures as high as 42 degrees, and because units cool to a set point and then float within a range. “If it’s set to 42 degrees, the temperature may rise to 44 degrees before the cooling cycle starts again,” Godynuk said. For him, that’s “too close for comfort,” so he warns against going below 36, since “32 is freezing.” (In the UK, Palmer-Spring noted, the commonly cited range runs about 3 to 5 degrees Celsius.)

The fix: Set your fridge temperature to the high 30s.

Mistake #6: Neglecting the door seal

That rubber gasket running around the door keeps cold air in and outside air out. But when the seal falls off or isn’t cleaned properly, the appliance may become damaged.

“Often it isn’t cleaned enough or harsh cleaning products cause it to deteriorate,” Palmer-Spring said. “If the seal is damaged, outside air can get in and create moisture.”

Andrade described the knock-on effect of a door that no longer shuts tightly: the unit simply can’t keep up. With cold air escaping, he said, the fridge “will run longer and more frequently,” forced to overwork to make up the difference.

The fix: Clean the seal with mild soap every six months and skip the harsh cleaners that break it down. Check it now and then for cracks or gaps and replace it if it’s no longer sealing snugly.

None of these common mistakes require much effort to undo, and considering that a refrigerator is built to run for well over a decade if you let it, you should try your best to avoid these issues.

As Palmer-Spring put it: “Most fridges can have a long lifespan as long as they have proper airflow, are cleaned regularly and you’re not putting unnecessary stress on the compressor or other components.”

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Why Emotional Permanence Can Be Harder For Some People With ADHD

You send your partner a text. Hours pass without a reply.

Logically, you know they’re probably busy. But emotionally, your brain starts spinning. Are they upset with you? Did you do something wrong? Do they still love you?

Most people have moments like this from time to time. But for many people with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), those feelings can be much more intense, and may be tied to something often referred to as emotional permanence.

Emotional permanence is a non-clinical term used to describe the ability to hold on to the feeling that someone loves, values or cares about you even when they aren’t physically present or regularly communicating with you.

“Emotional permanence is not an officially recognised diagnostic symptom of ADHD, although many individuals with ADHD report experiencing symptoms that closely resemble it,” said therapist Stephanie Lewis.

“Many report a lack of ability to maintain the emotional reality of a relationship as long as the individual involved is not physically present or actively engaged in communication with them. The phenomenon is much more than simply forgetting another person exists; rather it involves loss of access to the feeling of being loved, valued and/or connected to another person during short periods of time.”

A delayed text, a missed call or a quiet day from a partner or friend can suddenly feel like evidence that the relationship has changed and can cause not only anxiety for the person with ADHD, but also possible friction within a relationship.

Although it’s not a clinical diagnostic symptom, people with ADHD often struggle with “emotional permanence,” according to experts.

Catherine Falls Commercial via Getty Images

Although it’s not a clinical diagnostic symptom, people with ADHD often struggle with “emotional permanence,” according to experts.

How A Lack Of Emotional Permanence Affects Relationships

People who struggle with emotional permanence don’t necessarily doubt their relationships all the time. Rather, they may suddenly feel as though an emotional connection has disappeared simply because it hasn’t been recently reinforced.

For example, someone with ADHD may intellectually know their partner loves them, but after a day without hearing from them, begin wondering whether something is wrong.

“In my work with individuals with ADHD I have met patients who intellectually understand their partner’s love for them,” Lewis said. “Yet, upon going one full day without receiving a text message from their partner, they begin to wonder whether something is wrong and/or if they have caused their partner to become upset with them.”

That uncertainty can quickly snowball.

“This emotional uncertainty will often result in anxiety, increased reassurance-seeking behavior or increased conflict within the relationship,” Lewis said.

The same pattern can show up outside romantic relationships. A delayed response from a friend can feel like rejection. A lack of feedback from a manager can feel like criticism. Even when nothing has objectively changed, the emotional certainty that someone cares can suddenly feel precarious.

Why Emotional Permanence Can Be Harder For Some People With ADHD

Although emotional permanence is not part of the diagnostic criteria for ADHD, experts say several characteristics commonly associated with ADHD may help explain why many people with ADHD identify with this experience.

Lewis points to working memory challenges, difficulties with emotional regulation and rejection-sensitive dysphoria – an intense emotional response to perceived criticism or rejection that many, though not all, people with ADHD experience.

“A number of variables may also contribute to the existence of emotional permanence,” Lewis said. “For example, working memory deficits may limit the ability to retain emotional information, whereas difficulties with emotional regulation and rejection-sensitive dysphoria may increase the fear of rejection or disconnection.”

Clinical psychologist Navvab Tadjvar said these challenges can make the absence of emotional reassurance feel much more significant.

“Because the ADHD brain is so intensely bound to the immediate present, when the feedback stops, the internal anchor collapses,” Tadjvar explained. “Silence doesn’t evoke the possibility that the care will return; it evokes the feeling of total abandonment, leaving us helpless and all alone in the world.”

That doesn’t mean someone with ADHD doesn’t understand that they are loved or cared for. But it does make it difficult for them to access emotional connection in the moment, especially when there’s a gap in communication or they’re missing reassurance.

The Impact Extends Beyond Romantic Relationships

While emotional permanence is often discussed in the context of dating and relationships, ADHD coach Dom Passantino, who also has ADHD, said one of its biggest impacts is actually how people see themselves.

“People often flop into discussions of ADHDers’ lack of emotional permanence with the mindset, ‘They forget they’re in love if someone isn’t there,’” he said. “But it’s a lot more than that, and I feel like the darkest impacts of it are on how we view ourselves and not others.”

According to Passantino, many people with ADHD find themselves craving validation from people who rarely offer it while dismissing reassurance from the people who do.

“And when hypersensitivity is thrown on top, you turn these traits from upsetting to actively damaging,” he explained. “This becomes a breeding ground for dysfunctional and abusive relationships for both parties.”

Developing “evidence files” full of thoughtful texts and other proof of love can be helpful for people trying to strengthen emotional permanence.

Justin Paget via Getty Images

Developing “evidence files” full of thoughtful texts and other proof of love can be helpful for people trying to strengthen emotional permanence.

How To Strengthen Emotional Permanence

Lewis said: “A critical first step would be the recognition of the phenomenon without judgment.”

One strategy she often recommends is creating an “evidence file”: saving thoughtful text messages, kind emails, handwritten notes or voice messages from loved ones that can be revisited when self-doubt starts creeping in.

“I frequently instruct my clients to develop ‘evidence files,’” Lewis added. “They may then refer back to the evidence file at times when insecurity regarding their partner increases.”

She also says cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) and ADHD coaching can help people learn to pause before assuming silence equals rejection and become more comfortable tolerating uncertainty.

Passantino agreed that keeping reminders of positive interactions can be especially helpful for people with ADHD. He compares it to the everyday systems many people with ADHD already use to remember tasks.

“In very much the same way that an ADHDer will need a Post-it note stuck on their monitor to remind them to buy milk or brush their teeth, we need to remind ourselves of the positive interactions we have with people,” he said.

He said this can be particularly important for people who have spent years masking their ADHD traits and learning to question whether positive feedback is genuine.

“Because we spend so much time masking, we just assume any positive interaction is fake, that people were just humouring us or being polite,” Passantino said. “Celebrating your own personality, not turning down the colours on it, is very important – it’s the classic ADHD coach mantra of ‘being yourself on purpose.’”

According to Tadjvar, strengthening emotional permanence is not only an individual process; loved ones can also help by creating more predictability and consistency within relationships.

“Cultivating emotional permanence requires a collective commitment to building a predictable world,” he said.

He encourages partners, friends and family members to create that sense of security through small, consistent acts of communication. “Sending a quick, ‘Thinking of you, buried in work until 5 p.m.,’ text rather than going radio silent provides the sturdy, predictable scaffolding the ADHD brain needs to feel safe,” he explained.

Ultimately, Tadjvar said, “Cultivating this skill is a practice of rewriting the intervals of absence: transforming silence from a terrifying void of abandonment into a secure, shared space where the connection remains safely intact.”

Keep in mind that it’s important not to self-diagnose. While many people with ADHD relate to emotional permanence, Lewis stressed that it is not unique to ADHD.

Similar experiences can also occur in people living with anxiety disorders, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or attachment-related difficulties.

According to Lewis: “If you find that your inability to emotionally connect with others consistently affects your relationships and/or your daily functioning, consider consulting with a licensed professional mental health provider.”

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Want The Secret To Lasting Love? Here’s The Hard Truth

During my senior year of college, I dated a boy who was tall, dark-haired, and smoked a lot of weed. (If I’d had a checklist, those would have been the boxes on it at the time.)

We talked easily, about everything from medieval art to music, and I found his lanky limbs and soulful eyes very appealing. But despite how much we enjoyed each other’s company, both in bed and out of it, I didn’t, fundamentally, feel anything. If he’d told me he never wanted to speak to me again, I wouldn’t have cared, except that I’d have needed to get my weed from someone else.

That’s when I came up with the theory of the third thing.

The premise is that there are three things that make you fall for someone. The first is a physical connection. The second is an intellectual connection. And then there’s the third thing… whatever mysterious ingredient makes you imagine a future together. My friends and I spent hours sitting on the floor of my dorm room, listening to Matchbox 20 and drinking diet Snapple with vodka, trying to unravel what the third thing could be.

I was a good student. I was naturally shy and awkward, but I was also used to thinking things through and figuring them out. In middle school, I’d analysed my classmates’ social interactions, realising that when someone told a story about themselves, you were supposed to respond with a story on a similar topic.

In high school, I’d made a checklist of all the things I needed to do to be cool (start reading Seventeen magazine, stop walking around with a book in front of my face, keep gum in my backpack and offer it to my classmates after lunch).

In college, I’d turned my attention to boys. It was easy to kiss them on sticky bar dance floors and meet them for coffee dates at the student centre. But I wanted to fall in love, and I wasn’t sure how to do it. If I could figure out the third thing, then I’d know the formula. I’d know how to find someone who I was really excited about.

I dated regularly throughout my 20s, but nothing lasted. Then, following another breakup, I found myself spending a lot of time on the phone with my friend Dan. We’d dated briefly when we first met years before on study abroad. He was awkwardly, gawkily handsome, and was one of the smartest people I’d ever met, dropping references to Byzantine emperors into casual conversation. However, at that time, there just wasn’t that third thing.

Then, suddenly, eight years later, there was. I wasn’t sure what had changed. I still didn’t know what the third thing was, but something was different, even if I couldn’t identify it. For years we’d just been friends – albeit friends who drunkenly made out occasionally when we ended up in his car together late at night. And now we were spending all our time thinking about each other. How had this happened? And what were we going to do about it?

As it turned out, we were going to get married. Three years later, we found ourselves holding hands and saying vows in a historic library in Providence. We ate cupcakes, drank prosecco, and spent the night dancing with our friends and family among the stacks. It was the happiest day of my life; I’d found a smart, handsome man whom I loved, and who loved me. We had chemistry; we could spend hours talking, and most importantly, we had the third thing. I felt like I’d gotten exactly what I wanted.

Except that after 10 years of marriage, it wasn’t what I wanted anymore. Dan’s brooding moroseness, which I’d found appealing, had begun to seem whiny. My quest for self-improvement, which he’d found admirable, had begun to seem exhausting. It had started to drive me crazy that he sang to himself. It had started to drive him crazy that I left the cupboard doors open. These were things that we’d lived with for years. They hadn’t been a problem. And now, suddenly, they were, and I wasn’t sure why.

There were other, bigger issues. We were politically divided. We wanted to spend our time in very different ways. My marriage didn’t end just because we no longer had the third thing. But that was part of it. We were still attracted to each other. We still talked about everything as easily as we always had. But we no longer had that ineffable thing that made us feel romantic about each other.

We tried. We left our son with his grandparents over the 4th of July weekend, went to a local brewery for IPAs and pepperoni pizza, shared a joint and had sex in front of a mirror. We sat side by side, feeling miles away from each other, and watched fireworks explode into distant sparks of light. We went to two different couples’ therapists. They gave us worksheets. We did the worksheets. We still didn’t love each other anymore.

The hardest thing about the end of the marriage wasn’t the loss of the present. At the time, we were sleeping on separate floors of our old suburban house, trying not to touch when we passed each other in the stairway. But in my imagined future, we were going to be one of those elderly couples who travelled around the country in an RV, who went to see independent films and had season tickets to the local symphony. We were going to sit side by side at our son’s graduation, and when he crossed the stage, unimaginably tall but still wild-haired and bright-eyed, we were going to squeeze each other’s hands.

The author on vacation in Palm Springs.

Courtesy of Lia Romeo

The author on vacation in Palm Springs.

Instead, I was single and dating again in my 40s. From everything I knew about ageing while female, I figured that dating at that age would be some kind of barren wasteland. Instead, I discovered that the apps had come along and made it easy. I could go on a date with someone new every night if I wanted, and for a while I did. I was doing things I thought I’d never do again, like kissing strangers at the entrance to the subway. And for the first time, I was dating women, which was something I’d always wondered about. When I was younger, I’d gone from one man to another, and suddenly I wondered if maybe the reason I’d had trouble figuring out the third thing was that I didn’t want to be with a man. Maybe my newfound queerness held the answer I’d been seeking.

I started dating a beautiful woman with long blonde hair, tattoos and a sweet smile. We sent each other passages from books, we talked about theatre, we spent hours making out. Still, despite how much we enjoyed each other’s company, both in bed and out of it, there was no third thing. We were mutually unserious, and after a few months things came to an end.

I think someday I’d like to fall in love again, but I’m also terrified because I’m finally coming to understand that there isn’t a formula. I’m realising that the third thing is different at different times, or for different people. That it’s something that can appear out of nowhere… and can disappear, too. That sometimes love just goes away, and if I find it again, it might go away again, no matter how hard I try not to let that happen.

I’ve finally figured out that I might never figure it out. If the third thing comes my way again, it’s just going to be because I’m lucky. I can’t control whether I find it; I can only control whether I’m brave enough to say yes to it. I don’t know whether I will be.

For now, I write, I teach and I worry about the world, and I watch my son use Magna-Tiles to build rainbow castles reaching up towards the sky. Sometimes I swipe right on strangers, and meet them for hikes or cups of coffee. I walk my dog around the neighbourhood in the spring and watch the crabapples bursting into improbable, extravagant bloom. The flowers drift down from the trees as I walk underneath them. I reach out my hands to catch them, and I end up empty-handed, but later, when I get home, I find myself picking delicate pink petals out of my hair.

Lia Romeo is a playwright, essayist, novelist, and screenwriter. Her plays have been produced off-Broadway, as well as regionally and internationally, and her essays have appeared in the Washington Post, the New York Times, and other national publications. She is currently at work on a screenplay.

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I Asked A Therapist For The Signs A Couple’s Headed For Divorce

According to research conducted by Dr John Gottman and Dr Julie Schwartz Gottman of the Gottman Institute, there are four “horsemen of divorce”: criticism, contempt, defensiveness, and stonewalling.

And Susie Masterson, a BACP-registered therapist, told HuffPost UK that warning signs of divorce aren’t usually as simple as issues like financial problems or different life goals.

“I have seen couples overcome lots of challenging situations including: infidelity, unemployment, family estrangement and critical illness,” she said.

Here, she shared what she thinks can make the difference between couples who may be likelier to stay together and those that might split.

How can a therapist tell a couple may be headed for divorce?

“Compatibility is not just about liking the same things or shared values; it’s about how we respond to challenges,” Masterson said.

She stated that couples often come to therapy during transitions like moving in together, changing jobs, having kids, or battling illness.

“Our responses to these transitions often highlight differences which might otherwise not have been apparent,” the therapist added.

For instance, many couples have financial disparities that might not be visible until e.g. someone loses their job.

But “Whilst many couples file for divorce citing financial challenges, it’s usually not that simple. When I speak to couples, it’s the differences between the response to these challenges that cause the relationship to break down.

“Successful relationships are predicated on a balance between power, respect and connection,” she explained.

“To be in a relationship with someone requires investment. We need to meet each other wherever we are. We all change. Just not at the same time or at the same pace. Tolerance is key to being able to manage this.

“In my experience, relationships break down when one or both parties are not willing/able to do this. This is often due to competing needs in a situation, where it becomes difficult for any concessions or compromises to be made.”

How can I tell if I’d be happier divorced?

That’s not to say that tolerance and compatibility should be forced in a situation that isn’t serving you.

Masterson pointed out that all relationships go through cycles of rupture and repair. And “Sometimes, when we have been together for a long time, the accumulated impact of this can wear us down”.

It’s also possible that past hurts have gotten swept under the rug, in which case, learning how to heal from them should take priority. “Even if it doesn’t keep us together, it is a brilliant skill to learn as [we need] to be able to model this for our kids. It will also help us in future relationships.”

Ultimately, she ended, “It’s equally important to recognise that not all relationships can go the distance. Before making the decision to separate, it can be really helpful to fast forward to a preferred future and ask questions like: what will be different, how will it feel, who will be in my life, where will I be, what will I be doing?

“Then pause and reflect why any of these preferred outcomes are not possible within the relationship. When you have this clarity, it can help with self-trust and empowerment to commit to a certain course of action.”

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A Doctor Says ‘Stress Sweat’ Smells Different – Here’s How To Spot It

Did you know that our eyes make three types of tears – basal tears, which lubricate our peepers, reflex tears, which respond to stressors like onion fumes, and emotional tears?

Well, it turns out our sweat might take different forms depending on whether it comes from stress or a workout.

“When you’re exercising or sitting in a hot environment, your body mainly produces sweat to cool itself down. This comes from eccrine sweat glands, which produce a watery sweat that’s mostly made up of water and salt,” Dr Asiya Maula, a private GP at The Health Suite, told HuffPost UK.

“Stress is different. When you’re anxious, nervous or frightened, your body’s ‘fight or flight’ response kicks in.

“This activates a different type of sweat gland called the apocrine gland, which is found mainly in the armpits and groin.”

How can I tell eccrine vs apocrine sweat apart?

It can be hard to tell them apart, Dr Maula said. But stress, or apocrine, sweat has a different texture: this “contains more proteins and fatty compounds, making it thicker than the sweat produced during exercise”.

Additionally, “stress sweat” might have a more intense odour.

“Stress sweat itself is actually almost odourless when it’s first produced. The stronger smell develops when bacteria naturally living on the skin break down those proteins and fats,” the GP explained.

“That’s why many people notice stress sweat has a much more noticeable odour than the sweat they produce after a run or a gym session”.

Of course, context helps – “If you suddenly notice damp palms before a presentation, sweaty underarms during an important meeting or increased sweating while you’re feeling anxious despite not being physically active, stress is likely to be playing a role.”

But the speed of onset might matter too, Dr Maula said.

“People often describe stress sweat as appearing very suddenly and affecting areas like the palms, soles of the feet and underarms, even when the room isn’t particularly warm.”

What does stress sweat mean?

Well, aside from meaning that you’re – you guessed it – stressed, the doctor said occasional apocrine sweat is nothing to worry about.

But “if you’re finding yourself sweating excessively during everyday situations, or you notice it’s becoming more frequent alongside symptoms such as poor sleep, constant worrying, palpitations or feeling on edge most of the time, it may be a sign that your stress levels are becoming difficult to manage”.

That’s worth speaking to your GP about, she said.

How can I stop stress sweat?

Unfortunately, it’s not possible to stop stress sweat in the moment.

But if you want to try reducing your stress levels overall, Dr Maula said you can try “Regular physical activity, good quality sleep, limiting excessive caffeine, mindfulness techniques and breathing exercises can all help reduce activation of the body’s stress response”.

And, she ended, “For people whose sweating is particularly severe or affecting their quality of life, there are also medical treatments available, so it’s important not to suffer in silence”.

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Scientists Found 4 Signs Of The Ideal Pillow For Your Back, Neck, And Sleep

Most adult Brits struggle to get a good night’s sleep; as many as 14% of us get by on “dangerously low” levels of shut-eye, regularly catching less than five hours of kip a night.

Meanwhile, about two-thirds of us will experience neck pain at one point or another, while almost 80% of us will get back aches.

Worse, back and neck pain can make your sleep worse, and insomnia may increase your perception of discomfort. Talk about a vicious cycle.

So, it’s a good thing a systematic review of studies has found four pillow qualities that might help with all three.

What should I look for in a pillow?

This research analysed 11 studies, with 309 participants in total. The study authors wanted to evaluate the quality of evidence for the benefits of different pillow materials, heights, shapes, and thermal (heat) properties.

They found “moderate evidence that some of the following pillow parameters could improve sleep quality/spinal alignment, and decrease sleep-related neck pain”.

These include:

  1. Latex material,
  2. A contoured design (a dip in the middle of the pillow with higher sides, especially useful for side sleepers),
  3. A height of 7-11cm for the lower, middle part of the pillow,
  4. A cooling surface.

Latex pillows seemed best at reducing neck pain, while a contoured pillow with a 7-11cm high centre helped to keep sleepers’ spines in alignment.

Meanwhile, cooling pillows have been associated with more deep sleep than their non-cooling counterparts.

The researchers added that people should try to “consider as many of the above-mentioned parameters as possible when choosing a new pillow that fits their individual needs of promoting sleep comfort”.

Which pillows seemed to perform the worst?

Another review of studies found that, generally, feather pillows tend to perform worse than rubber or spring pillows.

And a separate 2011 paper also suggested “feather pillow users provided consistently low reports of pillow comfort and sleep quality”.

But your sleeping position matters here.

For instance, those who sleep on their side might have to put their neck at an uncomfortable angle if they’re using a softer pillow, while front or back sleepers could push their head further out of alignment if using a very stiff one.

That’s why, researchers note, it’s important to factor in your individual comfort level.

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Electrical Failure Causes Widespread Rail Disruptions: What We Know So Far

Major rail disruption has taken place following an electrical failure in the Manchester Rail Operating Centre communications centre.

National Rail said on its site that the issues began just before 2pm on 6 August and are expected to last “until the end of the day” in the Greater Manchester/north-west of England area.

The BBC reports we don’t yet know what caused the issue, how severe it may be, or how long it will last.

Here’s which train lines may be affected, and what each have said, as of the time of writing:

What has National Rail said?

In a statement, it warned of “major disruption for the rest of the day due to power issues impacting signalling”.

The service added: “Currently no trains can run from Manchester Piccadilly through to Manchester Victoria and Bolton, impacting services right across the North West network.

“Some trains are running south and east of the city towards Stockport, but are also subject to delays.

“As a result, cancellations are expected on rail routes across Greater Manchester until the end of today (Thursday 6 August).”

If you’re travelling by train today, check with National Rail or your train line first.

Which lines have been affected?

Per National Rail, lines affected by the signal issue include:

  • Avanti West Coast,
  • CrossCountry,
  • East Midlands Railway,
  • London Northwestern Railway,
  • Northern,
  • TransPennine Express,
  • Transport for Wales.

What have these lines said?

This is what each line has said as of the time of writing. (Advice is subject to change, so check in regularly before travelling.)

TransPennine Express’s site reads: “All trains will be stopped due to a failure of the communication systems on the network”, adding there is “major disruption and no trains or replacement buses are operating, and we strongly advise you not to travel”.

Transport for Wales said “train services between Chester and Liverpool Lime Street are also disrupted” and trains “will not be able to run until the electrical supply has been restored”.

It added: “We have organised buses to run between Liverpool Lime Street and Chester to help you complete your journey, at no extra cost. These will arrive at 15:30 at Chester provided by Patts Coaches and arrive at Liverpool Lime Street at approximately 15:30 provided by Northwich Travel.” These arrangements will last until 6pm.

Northern’s site says there are “major disruptions” across various routes, adding, “due to failure of the electricity supply at Manchester Piccadilly all lines are blocked”. It said this is expected to last until the end of the day.

Esst Midlands’ site said: “There is a failure of the electricity supply around the Manchester Piccadilly area. This is currently disrupting our trains on the Liverpool Lime Street/Nottingham/Norwich routes.” The company added: “Our services are unable to run between Sheffield and Liverpool Lime Street until the end of the day.”

London Northwestern Railway’s site lists “major problems” from services via London Euston, from Euston to Crewe, from Crewe to Stafford, and services via Birmingham New Street.

And Avanti West Coast’s site reads: “This Friday, we’re seeing some short-notice cancellations on our network, so please check your journey before you travel. We’re really sorry if this affects you and your journey, but we’re working hard to make sure we can minimise these cancellations.” Its site has a section to help you find out your live train status.

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